Urban structural evolution over a century in Changchun city, Northeast China

doi:10.1007/s11442-018-1569-7

Abstract

Abstract:

Knowledge on urban land-use change and its driving forces has vital significance in the practice of urban planning and management. However, the characteristics of historical, long-term changes and their quantitative relationships with the urban environment are still poorly understood. Based on multi-source data, including remote sensing imageries, large-scale topographic maps, historical maps, multi-temporal city maps, and other urban thematic maps, high-quality spatial information on urban land use in the built-up area of Changchun has been extracted for 1898, 1932, 1954, 1976, 1990, 2002, and 2012 by means of geographic information systems and remote sensing. We found that the land-use structure and spatial configuration has undergone tremendous alterations according to urban function in the 100-year history of Changchun city. The built-up area of Changchun expanded from 2.26 km² in 1898 to 328.12 km² in 2012, increasing about 144 times over the past century. Historically, the development of Changchun can be categorized into three stages: the initial forming stage, the old industrial development stage, and the modern metropolis development stage. Commercial and industrial land expanded rapidly following the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, with an increase from 1.74 km² in 1954 to 15.91 km² in 2012, and from 16.45 km² in 1954 to 107.05 km² in 2012, respectively. Although there was substantial growth in residential land use (from 1.81 km² in 1898 to 113.95 km² in 2012), the area percentage of residential land decreased continuously (from 80.09% in 1898 to 34.73% in 2012). Moreover, it was noted that the spatial configuration and structural percentage for commercial, industrial, and residential lands and others had tremendous divergences at different stages. These divergences of land-use structure occurred between the stages and were associated with social regimes and the functional orientation of urban society across the 100 years of historical development. Socio-economics, population growth, and planning policies from specific stages, especially after 1949, had strong effects on the divergence of urban structure.

Key words: urban expansion, land use, urban structure, driving factors, Changchun city, China

Wenhui KUANG, Fengqin YAN. Urban structural evolution over a century in Changchun city, Northeast China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(12): 1877-1895.

Figures/Tables 12

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Year	Data types	Data source/scale	Producer/provider	Process
1898	Urban thematic maps	Changchun urban outlines maps	Library of Changchun city	Digitalization coordinates integration
1905	Urban thematic maps	Changchun urban outlines maps	Library of Changchun city	Same as above
1932	Urban thematic maps	Urban planning maps	Library of Changchun city	Same as above
1954	Urban thematic maps	Topographic maps/ 1:100,000	Changchun Institute of Geography, CAS	Same as above
1976	Large-scale topographic maps	1:10,000	Changchun Institute for Surveying and Mapping	Same as above
1990	Large-scale topographic maps	1:1000 1:500	Changchun Institute for Surveying and Mapping	Same as above
2002	Satellite images	SPOT5/2.5 m	Ordered by China Remote Sensing Ground Station	Geometric correction; Digitalization
2012	Satellite images	Google Earth/2.5 m	Download	Digitalization; coordinates integration

Urban land-use type	Number of samples	Correct samples in 1990	Accuracy in 1990 (%)	Correct samples in 2012	Accuracy in 2012 (%)
Commercial	17	16	94.12	16	94.12
Industrial	20	18	90.00	19	95.00
Residential	44	42	95.45	43	97.73
Public services	22	19	86.36	19	86.36
Transportation	15	14	93.33	14	93.33
Greenspace	20	18	90.00	19	95.00
Water area	16	15	93.75	15	93.75
Others	12	11	91.66	11	91.66
Total/average	122	116	91.83	156	93.37

	Commercial	Industrial	Residential	Public services	Transportation	Greenspace	Water area	Others
	Urban land-use areas in km² at specific dates (year)
1898	0.01	0.00	1.81	0.08	0.36	0.00	0.00	0.00
1932	0.12	0.15	7.73	0.73	3.21	0.26	0.02	0.02
1954	1.74	16.45	40.07	3.90	7.07	6.56	0.92	0.32
1976	3.21	29.27	50.86	8.67	9.41	12.66	2.38	1.38
1990	5.57	42.26	71.70	11.95	13.83	17.32	3.19	1.17
2002	13.38	70.64	100.21	19.31	20.59	24.56	5.00	10.55
2012	15.91	107.05	113.95	25.95	26.40	30.86	5.03	2.97
	Overall urban land-use change area (km²)
1898-1932	0.11	0.15	5.92	0.65	2.85	0.26	0.02	0.02
1932-1954	1.62	16.3	32.34	3.17	3.86	6.3	0.9	0.3
1954-1976	1.47	12.82	10.79	4.77	2.34	6.1	1.46	1.06
1976-1990	2.36	12.99	20.84	3.28	4.42	4.66	0.81	-0.21
1990-2002	7.81	28.38	28.51	7.36	6.76	7.24	1.81	9.38
2002-2012	2.53	36.41	13.74	6.64	5.81	6.3	0.03	-7.58
1898-2012	15.9	107.05	112.14	25.87	26.04	30.86	5.03	2.97
	Urban expansion rate (km²/a)
1898-1932	0.003	0.004	0.174	0.019	0.084	0.008	0.001	0.001
1932-1954	0.07	0.74	1.47	0.14	0.18	0.29	0.04	0.01
1954-1976	0.07	0.58	0.49	0.22	0.11	0.28	0.07	0.05
1976-1990	0.17	0.93	1.49	0.23	0.32	0.33	0.06	-0.02
1990-2002	0.65	2.37	2.38	0.61	0.56	0.60	0.15	0.78
2002-2012	0.25	3.64	1.37	0.66	0.58	0.63	0.00	-0.76
1898-2012	0.14	0.94	0.98	0.23	0.23	0.27	0.04	0.03

Year	Built-up area (km²)	Urban population (million)	GDP (yuan)
1898	2.26	0.03	-
1932	12.24	0.13	-
1954	77.03	0.84	0.52
1976	117.84	1.46	2.49
1990	166.99	2.11	5.88
2002	264.24	3.03	84.74
2012	328.12	3.65	282.39