Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2018, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (10): 1519-1537.doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1559-9
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
PAUDEL Basanta1,2(), Yili ZHANG1,2,3*(
), Shicheng LI1,2,4, Linshan LIU1
Received:
2017-05-09
Accepted:
2017-07-27
Online:
2018-10-25
Published:
2018-10-25
About author:
Author: Basanta Paudel, PhD Candidate, specialized in land use/land cover change and climate change adaptation. E-mail:
Supported by:
PAUDEL Basanta, Yili ZHANG, Shicheng LI, Linshan LIU. Spatiotemporal changes in agricultural land cover in Nepal over the last 100 years[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(10): 1519-1537.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
Details of the datasets used in this study"
Data category | Spatial coverage | Temporal coverage | Unit | Original resolution | Re-gridded resolution | Data sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LRMP-LULC | National | 1978-1979 | m | 240 m | 30 m | LRMP, 1986 |
Mean annual temperature | Global | 1901-2010 | °C | 0.5° | 30 m | CRU-TS-3.23 |
Mean annual precipitation | Global | 1901-2010 | mm | 0.5° | 30 m | CRU-TS-3.23 |
Population density | District | 1911-2011 | km2 | - | 30 m | CBS, Nepal |
Elevation | Global | 2015 | m | 30 m | 30 m | SRTM-NASA |
Slope | Global | 2015 | ° | 30 m | 30 m | SRTM-NASA |
Soil | National | 2009 | km | 1 km | 30 m | SOTER |
Agricultural land (HYDE 3.1) | National | 1910-1960 | km2 | - | - | Klein Goldewijk et al. (2011) |
Agricultural land | District | 1970-2010 | km2 | 30 m | 30 m | Paudel et al. (2017) |
Figure 5
Trends in the expansion of agricultural land area between 1910 and 2010 in the five development regions of Nepal. Note: EDR refers Eastern Development Region, CDR for Central Development Region, WDR for Western Development Region, MWDR for Mid-Western Development Region, and FWDR for Far-Western Development Region in Nepal."
[1] | CBS, 1958. National Population Census, 1911, 1920, 1930, 1941, and 1952/54. Government of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics. |
[2] | CBS, 1961. National Population Census, 1961. Government of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics. |
[3] | CBS, 1971. National Population Census, 1971. Government of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics. |
[4] | CBS, 1981. National Population Census, 1981. Government of Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics. |
[5] | CBS, 1991. National Population Census 1991. Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics. |
[6] | CBS, 2001. National Population Census 2001. Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics. |
[7] | CBS, 2012. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report). Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat. Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics. |
[8] | Chapagain P S, 2006. Involution or evolution? Conceptualizing the changes in farming system of Eastern Nepal.Himalayan Review, 37: 1-17. |
[9] |
Chen J, Chen J, Liao A Pet al., 2015. Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution: A POK-based operational approach.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 103(1): 7-27.
doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002 |
[10] |
Dhimal M, Ahrens B, Kuch U2014. Malaria control in Nepal 1963-2012: Challenges on the path towards elimination.Malaria Journal, 13: 1-14.
doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-241 pmid: 24957851 |
[11] | Dijkshoorn K, Huting J, 2009. Soil and terrain database for Nepal (Report). ISRIC - World Soil Information, Wageningen, 21p. with data set. |
[12] | FAO, 2010. Land Use Policy and Planning. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations UN Complex, Pulchowk, Nepal, p.40. |
[13] | Foley J A, DeFries R, Asner G Pet al., 2005. Global consequences of land use.Science, 309(5734): 570-574. |
[14] |
Fuchs R, Herold M, Verburg P Het al., 2013. A high-resolution and harmonized model approach for reconstructing and analysing historic land changes in Europe.Biogeosciences, 10(3): 1543-1559.
doi: 10.5194/bg-10-1543-2013 |
[15] |
Fuchs R, Verburg P H, Clevers J G P W et al., 2015. The potential of old maps and encyclopaedias for reconstructing historic European land cover/use change.Applied Geography, 59: 43-55.
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.02.013 |
[16] | Gautam J, 2008. Country Report on the State of the Nepal’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Commission of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p.91. |
[17] |
Harris I, Jones P D, Osborn T Jet al., 2014. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations: The CRU TS3.10 Dataset.International Journal of Climatology, 34(3): 623-642.
doi: 10.1002/joc.3711 |
[18] |
He F N, Li S C, Zhang X Z, 2012. Reconstruction of cropland area and spatial distribution in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty (AD1004-1085).Journal of Geographical Sciences, 22(2): 359-370.
doi: 10.1007/s11442-012-0932-3 |
[19] |
He F N, Li S C, Zhang X Z, 2015. A spatially explicit reconstruction of forest cover in China over 1700-2000.Global and Planetary Change, 131: 73-81.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.05.008 |
[20] |
He F N, Li S C, Zhang X Zet al., 2013 Comparisons of cropland area from multiple datasets over the past 300 years in the traditional cultivated region of China.Journal of Geographical Sciences, 23(6): 978-990.
doi: 10.1007/s11442-013-1057-z |
[21] |
Klein Goldewijk K, Beusen A, Doelman Jet al., 2017. Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene: HYDE 3.2.Earth System Science Data, 9(2): 927-953.
doi: 10.5194/essd-9-927-2017 |
[22] |
Klein Goldewijk K, Beusen A, Van Drecht Get al., 2011. The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced global land use change over the past 12,000 years.Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(1): 73-86.
doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x |
[23] |
Klein Goldewijk K, Ramankutty N, 2004. Land cover change over the last three centuries due to human activities: The availability of new global data sets.GeoJournal, 61(4): 335-344.
doi: 10.1007/s10708-004-5050-z |
[24] |
Lambin E F, Turner B L, Geist H Jet al., 2001. The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths.Global Environmental Change, 11(4): 261-269.
doi: 10.1016/S0959-3780(01)00007-3 |
[25] |
Li S C, He F N, Zhang X Z, 2016. A spatially explicit reconstruction of cropland cover in China from 1661 to 1996.Regional Environmental Change, 16(2): 417-428.
doi: 10.1007/s10113-014-0751-4 |
[26] |
Li S C, Wang Z F, Zhang Y L, 2017. Crop cover reconstruction and its effects on sediment retention in the Tibetan Plateau for 1900-2000.Journal of Geographical Sciences, 27(7): 786-800.
doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1406-4 |
[27] | LRMP, 1986. Land Utilization Report.Land Resource Mapping Project, Kenting Earth Science Canada and Department of Topography, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal, p.112. |
[28] | Malla G, 2009. Climate change and its impact on Nepalese agriculture.The Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 9: 62-71. |
[29] | NLUP, 2012. National Land Use Policy. Ministry of Land Reform and Management, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. p.17. |
[30] | Ojha D P, 1983. History of land settlement in Nepal Tarai.Contribution to Nepalese Studies, 11(1): 21-44. |
[31] | Paudel B, Gao J G, Zhang Y Let al., 2016a. Changes in cropland status and their driving factors in the Koshi River Basin of the Central Himalayas, Nepal.Sustainability, 8(9): 933. |
[32] |
Paudel B, Zhang Y L, Li S Cet al., 2016b. Review of studies on land use and land cover change in Nepal.Journal of Mountain Science, 13(4): 643-660.
doi: 10.1007/s11629-015-3604-9 |
[33] |
Paudel B, Zhang Y L, Li S Cet al., 2017. Spatiotemporal reconstruction of agricultural land cover in Nepal from 1970 to 2010.Regional Environmental Change, 17(8): 2349-2357.
doi: 10.1007/s10113-017-1164-y |
[34] |
Pitman A J, Avila F B, Abramowitz Get al., 2011. Importance of background climate in determining impact of land-cover change on regional climate.Nature Climate Change, 1(9): 472-475.
doi: 10.1038/nclimate1294 |
[35] |
Pongratz J, Reick C, Raddatz Tet al., 2008. A reconstruction of global agricultural areas and land cover for the last millennium.Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22(3): 1-16.
doi: 10.1029/2007gb003153 |
[36] |
Ramankutty N, Foley J A, 1999. Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992.Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13(4): 997-1027.
doi: 10.1029/1999GB900046 |
[37] | Regmi M C, 1972. A Study in Nepali Economic History 1768-1846. Delhi, India: Adroit Publishers. |
[38] | Sharma K, Khanal S, 2010. A review and analysis of existing legal and policy issues related to land tenure and agriculture in Nepal.Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(2): 133-141. |
[39] |
Thapa R B, Murayama Y, 2009. Examining spatiotemporal urbanization patterns in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Remote sensing and spatial metrics approaches.Remote Sensing, 1(3): 534-556.
doi: 10.3390/rs1030534 |
[40] |
Thapa R B, Murayama Y, 2010. Drivers of urban growth in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal: Examining the efficacy of the analytic hierarchy process.Applied Geography, 30(1): 70-83.
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.10.002 |
[41] |
Wei X Q, Ye Y, Zhang Qet al., 2015. Methods for cropland reconstruction based on gazetteers in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911): A case study in Zhili province, China.Applied Geography, 65: 82-92.
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.11.002 |
[42] | Whelpton J, 2005. A History of Nepal. Cambridge University Press. |
[43] | World Bank, 2015.Nepal total population and GDP per capita (current US$), 2015. World Bank, . |
[44] |
Wu X, Gao J G, Zhang Y Let al., 2017. Land cover status in the Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas.Journal of Resources and Ecology, 8(1): 10-19.
doi: 10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2017.01.003 |
[45] |
Yang X H, Jin X B, Guo B Bet al., 2015. Research on reconstructing spatial distribution of historical cropland over 300 years in traditional cultivated regions of China.Global and Planetary Change, 128: 90-102.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.02.007 |
[46] |
Zhang X Z, He F N, Li S C, 2013. Reconstructed cropland in the mid-eleventh century in the traditional agricultural area of China: Implications of comparisons among datasets.Regional Environmental Change, 13(5): 969-977.
doi: 10.1007/s10113-012-0390-6 |
[1] | ZHAO Zhilong, FANG Xiuqi, YE Yu, ZHANG Chengpeng, ZHANG Diyang. Reconstruction of cropland area in the European part of Tsarist Russia from 1696 to 1914 based on historical documents [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(8): 1307-1324. |
[2] | ZHOU Kan, LIU Baoyin, FAN Jie. Post-earthquake economic resilience and recovery efficiency in the border areas of the Tibetan Plateau: A case study of areas affected by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan, China in 2008 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(8): 1363-1381. |
[3] | ZHANG Xueru, ZHOU Jie, LI Guoning, CHEN Chun, LI Mengmei, LUO Jianmei. Spatial pattern reconstruction of regional habitat quality based on the simulation of land use changes from 1975 to 2010 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(4): 601-620. |
[4] | Yucui ZHANG, Yongqing QI, Yanjun SHEN, Hongying WANG, Xuepeng PAN. Mapping the agricultural land use of the North China Plain in 2002 and 2012 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 909-921. |
[5] | Xinyuan LIANG, Yangbing LI. Spatiotemporal features of farmland scaling and the mechanisms that underlie these changes within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(4): 563-580. |
[6] | Yang FU, Hui CHEN, Huihui NIU, Siqi ZHANG, Yi YANG. Spatial and temporal variation of vegetation phenology and its response to climate changes in Qaidam Basin from 2000 to 2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(4): 400-414. |
[7] | Shicheng LI, Zhaofeng WANG, Yili ZHANG. Crop cover reconstruction and its effects on sediment retention in the Tibetan Plateau for 1900-2000 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(7): 786-800. |
[8] | Fanneng HE, Meijiao Li, Shicheng Li. Reconstruction of Lu-level cropland areas in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD976-1078) [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(5): 606-618. |
[9] | Jinyuan XIE, Xiaobin JIN, Yinan LIN, Yinong CHENG, Xuhong YANG, Qing BAI, Yinkang ZHOU. Quantitative estimation and spatial reconstruction of urban and rural construction land in Jiangsu Province, 1820-1985 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(10): 1185-1208. |
[10] | Quansheng GE, Jingyun *ZHENG, Zhixin HAO, Yang LIU, Mingqi LI. Recent advances on reconstruction of climate and extreme events in China for the past 2000 years [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(7): 827-854. |
[11] | Xiaobin JIN, Qian PAN, Xuhong YANG, Qing BAI, Yinkang ZHOU. Reconstructing the historical spatial land use pattern for Jiangsu Province in mid-Qing Dynasty [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(12): 1689-1706. |
[12] | Qing TANG, Yang LI, Yong XU. Land suitability assessment for post-earthquake reconstruction: A case study of Lushan in Sichuan, China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(7): 865-878. |
[13] | Yingyong CHEN, Huayu LU, Shuangwen YI, Enlou ZHANG, Zhiwei XU, Kaifeng YU, A. MASON Joseph. A preliminary quantitative reconstruction of precipitation in southern Mu Us sandy land at margin of Asian monsoon-dominated region during late Quaternary [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(3): 301-310. |
[14] | BERGONSE Rafaello, REIS Eusébio. Reconstructing pre-erosion topography using spatial interpolation techniques: A validation-based approach [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(2): 196-210. |
[15] | Lingling DING, Quansheng GE, Jingyun ZHENG, Zhixin HAO. Variations in the starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China, 1736-2010 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2014, 24(5): 845-857. |
|