Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2018, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (10): 1444-1466.doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1555-0
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yanhui WANG1,2,3(), Yefeng CHEN1,2,3, Yao CHI1,2,3, Wenji ZHAO1,2,3, Zhuowei HU1,2,3, Fuzhou DUAN1,2,3*(
)
Received:
2017-10-20
Accepted:
2017-12-10
Online:
2018-10-25
Published:
2018-10-25
About author:
Author: Wang Yanhui (1977-), PhD and Professor, E-mail:
Supported by:
Yanhui WANG, Yefeng CHEN, Yao CHI, Wenji ZHAO, Zhuowei HU, Fuzhou DUAN. Village-level multidimensional poverty measurement in China: Where and how[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(10): 1444-1466.
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Table 1
Village-level multidimensional poverty measurement indicators"
Dimension | No. | Indicator | Indicator implication |
---|---|---|---|
Geographical environment (X1) | X11 | Distance from the nearest town’s bazaar | The distance from the village to the nearest town’s bazaar (km) |
X12 | Terrain type | Terrain type of the village (namely, plain, hilly, plateau, basin) | |
X13 | Frequency of exposure to natural disasters | The frequency of natural disasters in the village | |
Administrative village’s feature (X2) | X21 | Village historical features | Whether the village is an old revolutionary base spot, or ethnic minorities gathering one, or border one, or not |
X22 | Population density | Population density of the village (headcount/km2) | |
Production and living condition (X3) | X31 | Per cultivated area | Per cultivated area in the village (mu) |
X32 | Road access ratio | The ratio of natural villages traveling by motor vehicle roads to all natural villages in an administrative village (%) | |
X33 | Electricity access ratio | The ratio of the households accessing to electricity to all the households in an administrative village (%) | |
X34 | Phone access ratio | The ratio of households accessing to electricity to all the households in an administrative village (%) | |
Radio and television access ratio | The ratio of households accessing to radio and television to all the households in an administrative village (%) | ||
X35 | Safe drinking water access ratio | The ratio of the households access to safe drinking water to all the households in an administrative village (%) | |
X36 | Sanitary toilet facilities access ratio | The ratio of the households access to sanitary toilet facilities to all the households in an administrative village (%) | |
X37 | Dangerous building ratio | The ratio of the households with dangerous buildings to all the households in an administrative village (%) | |
Labor force (X4) | X41 | Ratio of labor force | The ratio of labor forces to all population in an administrative village |
X42 | Ratio of labor-out | The ratio of migrant labors to all labor forces in an administrative village | |
X43 | Ratio of illiterate labor forces | The ratio of illiterate labors to all labor forces in an administrative village | |
“Yulu Plan” participation ratio | The ratio of those labor forces participating in “Yulu Plan” to all the labor forces (%) | ||
Medical facilities and social security (X5) | X51 | Clinics per one thousand people | The clinic number that per one thousand people have in an administrative village |
X52 | Doctors per one thousand people | The number of doctors that per one thousand people have in an administrative village | |
X53 | Population ratio in the New Rural Co-operative Medical Insurance of China | The ratio of population taking part in the new rural co-operative medical insurance of China to all population in an administrative village (%) | |
X54 | Population ratio in rural social endowment insurance | The ratio of population taking part in rural social endowment insurance to all population in an administrative village (%) | |
Economic development (X6) | X61 | Per capita net income | Per capita net income in an administrative village |
Table 2
The statistics of rural poverty contributing factors"
Indicator | X32 | X12 | X13 | X61 | X41 | X43 | X42 | X37 | X11 | X54 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contribution degree (%) | 14.82 | 12.80 | 9.50 | 8.25 | 7.95 | 6.97 | 6.22 | 5.73 | 5.31 | 4.26 |
Average ranking | 2.61 | 2.59 | 4.89 | 5.82 | 5.35 | 6.88 | 7.61 | 7.72 | 8.14 | 9.94 |
Beta | -0.220 | 0.164 | 0.168 | -0.363 | -0.157 | -0.191 | -0.158 | 0.116 | 0.038 | -0.093 |
Indicator | X36 | X21 | X31 | X35 | X34 | X22 | X53 | X33 | X52 | X51 |
Contribution degree (%) | 3.41 | 3.35 | 2.51 | 2.35 | 1.83 | 1.53 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.60 |
Average ranking | 10.72 | 11.17 | 12.07 | 13.45 | 13.98 | 15.18 | 17.68 | 17.71 | 17.13 | 19.37 |
Beta | -0.081 | / | -0.009 | -0.060 | -0.086 | / | -0.035 | -0.041 | -0.035 | -0.074 |
Table 3
Distribution of poverty types and poverty contributing factors"
Poverty type | Average VPI | Poor village ratio (%) | G-probability (%) | V-probability (%) | P-probability (%) | L-probability (%) | M-probability (%) | E-probability (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single-factor dominant type | 36.99 | 0.14 | 50.00 | 0.00 | 29.17 | 20.83 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Dual-factor driving type | 48.46 | 8.24 | 81.67 | 1.98 | 69.15 | 46.37 | 0.33 | 0.50 |
Three-factor dominant type | 55.67 | 53.33 | 97.64 | 5.69 | 95.41 | 94.80 | 3.28 | 3.18 |
Four-factor coordinative type | 56.28 | 28.99 | 98.34 | 33.92 | 96.45 | 98.12 | 32.59 | 40.58 |
Five-factor combinative type | 54.34 | 8.36 | 99.40 | 79.17 | 98.00 | 99.23 | 65.43 | 58.78 |
Six-factor comprehensive type | 51.58 | 0.94 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Sum | 55.08 | 100.00 | 96.63 | 20.59 | 93.71 | 92.09 | 17.64 | 19.36 |
Table 4
The statistics of poverty difference in geographical locations of China"
Poverty characteristics | Geographical location differences | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northwest of the Hu Line | Southeast of the Hu Line | Tt | Ta | Tr | ||
Poverty status | Number of villages | 6942 | 44519 | / | / | / |
Average VPI | 57.87 | 52.49 | 0.331 | 0.046 | 0.285 | |
Contribution degree of poverty- forming causes | Road access ratio (%) | 12.78% | 13.69% | 0.320 | 0.013 | 0.307 |
Terrain type (%) | 11.39% | 12.41% | 0.320 | 0.012 | 0.308 | |
Frequency of exposure to natural disasters (%) | 9.27% | 9.79% | 0.346 | 0.014 | 0.331 | |
Per capita net income (%) | 8.49% | 7.495 | 0.317 | 0.031 | 0.287 | |
Labor force ratio (%) | 8.48% | 8.50% | 0.344 | 0.010 | 0.334 | |
Illiterate labor forces (%) | 7.59% | 6.86% | 0.349 | 0.028 | 0.321 | |
Poverty type | Single-factor dominant type (%) | 0.05% | 0.43% | 2.687 | 0.064 | 2.623 |
Dual-factor driving type (%) | 9.48% | 10.63% | 0.753 | 0.011 | 0.742 | |
Three-factor dominant type (%) | 49.64% | 54.38% | 0.382 | 0.012 | 0.370 | |
Four-factor coordinative type (%) | 30.33% | 25.54% | 0.506 | 0.036 | 0.470 | |
Five-factor combinative type (%) | 9.83% | 8.03% | 0.814 | 0.040 | 0.774 | |
Six-factor comprehensive type (%) | 0.67% | 0.99% | 1.274 | 0.001 | 1.273 |
Table 5
The statistics comparison in policy support in terms of “Whole-village Advancement”"
Poverty characteristics | Policy support differences (“Whole-village Advancement”) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Already implemented | Being implemented | Not yet implemented | Ta | Tr | Te | ||
Poverty status | Number of villages | 8264 | 19967 | 23230 | / | / | / |
Average VPI value | 54.16 | 55.63 | 54.92 | 0.619 | 0.018 | 0.601 | |
Contribution degree of poverty-forming causes | Road access ratio (%) | 13.64% | 14.65% | 14.80% | 0.651 | 0.014 | 0.636 |
Terrain type (%) | 13.92% | 12.57% | 13.07% | 0.638 | 0.020 | 0.618 | |
Frequency of exposure to natural disasters (%) | 9.84% | 9.66% | 9.31% | 0.661 | 0.018 | 0.643 | |
Per capita net income (%) | 7.77% | 8.34% | 7.84% | 0.626 | 0.023 | 0.603 | |
Labor force ratio (%) | 8.30% | 7.95% | 8.08% | 0.663 | 0.019 | 0.644 | |
Ratio of illiterate labor forces (%) | 6.86% | 6.98% | 6.85% | 0.655 | 0.021 | 0.633 | |
Poverty type | Single (%) | 0.22% | 0.06% | 0.18% | 2.728 | 0.021 | 2.706 |
Two-factor driving (%) | 9.97% | 7.22% | 8.50% | 1.208 | 0.028 | 1.181 | |
Three-factor dominant (%) | 48.71% | 55.49% | 53.11% | 0.745 | 0.016 | 0.729 | |
Four-factor coordinative (%) | 32.15% | 27.82% | 28.88% | 0.852 | 0.022 | 0.830 | |
Five-factor combinative (%) | 8.19% | 8.44% | 8.35% | 1.304 | 0.022 | 1.282 | |
Six-factor comprehensive (%) | 0.76% | 17.31% | 0.98% | 1.974 | 0.004 | 1.970 |
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