Determination of land salinization causes via land cover and hydrological process change detection in a typical part of Songnen Plain

doi:10.1007/s11442-018-1544-3

Abstract

Abstract:

Causes of land salinization were determined via land cover and hydrological process change detection in a typical part of Songnen Plain. The area of saline land increased from 4627 km² in 1980 to 5416 km² in 2000, and then decreased to 5198 km² in 2015. The transformation between saline land and other land covers happened mainly before 2000, and saline land had transformation relationship mainly with cropland, grassland, and water body. From 1979 to 2007, groundwater depth fluctuated to increase and was mainly deeper than 3.3 m. Spatially, the area of the region where groundwater depth was deeper than 3.3 m increased from 46.7% in 1980 to 84% in 2000, while the area of the region almost occupied the whole region after 2000. Precipitation and evaporation changed little, while runoff decreased substantially. Shallow groundwater, change of cropland, grassland, and water body induced from human activities and decrease of runoff and increase of irrigation and water transfer from outer basin were the main reasons for land salinization before 2000. After 2000, groundwater with relatively great depth could not exert great influence on land salinization. Protection of grassland and wetland prevented the increase of the area of saline land.

Key words: change detection, hydrological process, land cover, land salinization, Songnen Plain

Zhiyong WANG, Lijuan LI. Determination of land salinization causes via land cover and hydrological process change detection in a typical part of Songnen Plain[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(8): 1099-1112.

Figures/Tables 10

Figure 1

Table 1

Figure 2

Table 2

Transfer matrix of land covers in the typical part of Songnen Plain (km2)"

		Cropland	Woodland	Grassland	Water body	Built-up land	Unused land	Saline land	Total
		1990
1980	Cropland	6521	130	1016	419	291	51	831	9259
	Woodland	203	126	135	27	6	8	67	572
	Grassland	1125	69	3595	450	78	86	1044	6447
	Water body	472	16	372	2439	28	34	408	3769
	Built-up land	295	4	62	23	74	12	61	531
	Unused land	62	7	49	10	5	247	79	459
	Saline land	704	36	627	477	70	66	2647	4627
	Total	9382	388	5856	3845	552	504	5137	25664
		2000
1990	Cropland	7022	366	478	364	308	13	831	9382
	Woodland	168	132	37	11	4	1	35	388
	Grassland	2333	432	1625	380	67	54	965	5856
	Water body	705	54	336	2016	26	4	704	3845
	Built-up land	319	16	50	19	82	1	65	552
	Unused land	243	55	31	16	12	55	92	504
	Saline land	1026	150	768	379	68	22	2724	5137
	Total	11816	1205	3325	3185	567	150	5416	25664
		2005
2000	Cropland	11765	5	19	10	1	0	16	11816
	Woodland	14	1187	3	0	0	0	1	1205
	Grassland	56	1	3221	8	0	0	39	3325
	Water body	121	0	19	3008	0	0	37	3185
	Built-up land	3	0	0	0	564	0	0	567
	Unused land	0	0	0	0	0	150	0	150
	Saline land	44	1	101	41	0	0	5229	5416
	Total	12003	1194	3363	3067	565	150	5322	25664
		2010
2005	Cropland	11974	0	5	0	23	0	2	12003
	Woodland	1	1193	0	0	0	0	0	1194
	Grassland	5	0	3358	0	0	0	0	3363
	Water body	1	0	0	3066	0	0	0	3067
	Built-up land	2	0	0	0	563	0	0	565
	Unused land	0	0	0	0	0	150	0	150
	Saline land	1	0	0	0	0	0	5321	5322
	Total	11983	1193	3363	3066	586	150	5323	25664
		Cropland	Woodland	Grassland	Water body	Built-up land	Unused land	Saline land	Total
		2015
2010	Cropland	11874	26	21	14	23	0	25	11983
	Woodland	17	1173	1	0	2	0	0	1193
	Grassland	88	0	3261	4	3	0	7	3363
	Water body	1162	2	11	1867	1	0	23	3066
	Built-up land	20	0	1	0	565	0	0	586
	Unused land	0	0	0	0	1	149	0	150
	Saline land	117	1	32	11	18	1	5143	5323
	Total	13278	1202	3327	1896	613	150	5198	25664

Table 2

Figure 3

Table 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Table 4

Figure 6

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Well number	Groundwater depth
Well number	<1.7 m	1.7-2.0 m	2.0-2.2 m	2.2-2.4 m	2.4-3 m	3-3.3 m	>3.3 m
DA1	0	0.7	1.2	0.8	5.0	2.5	89.8
TB1	14.6	10.9	9.5	8.9	20.7	4.6	30.8
TB2	0	0	0	0	10.0	16.0	74.0
TN1	47.5	8.2	4.2	4.2	5.8	7.2	23.0
TN2	0	0	0	1.1	11.9	13.7	73.4
TN3	2.3	1.4	0	0	0	0	96.3
TN4	3.7	7.8	8.4	7.8	19.6	8.7	43.9
TN5	0	0	0.1	1.8	12.2	9.4	76.6
TY1	0	5.1	14.8	23.1	51.2	5.6	0.2
TY2	18.8	8.3	5.9	6.1	13.4	3.4	44.2
TY3	0	0	0	0	1.7	11.6	86.7
TY4	8.8	7.9	6.7	5.1	20.9	11.3	39.3
TY5	3.2	4.0	6.5	12.7	23.4	13.7	36.4
TY6	0	0	2.0	5.1	16.0	11.4	65.6
ZL1	0	0	0	0	0	0.4	99.6
ZL2	0.2	1.4	2.5	1.9	7.6	4.1	82.1

Soil texture	Soil salinization level	Groundwater depth threshold (m)
Sandy loam	Non	>3.3
	Light	2.4-3.3
	Middle	2.0-2.4
	Heavy	<2.0
Clay loam	Non	>3.0
	Light	2.2-3.0
	Middle	1.7-2.2
	Heavy	<1.7

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