Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2018, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (9): 1329-1340.doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1528-3
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Jiaoyou ZHANG1,2(), Yaning CHEN1, Zhi LI1
Received:
2018-01-16
Accepted:
2018-04-02
Online:
2018-09-25
Published:
2019-01-11
About author:
Author: Zhang Jiaoyou (1991-), Master Candidate, specialized in efficiency evaluation for water resources of Central Asia. E-mail:
Supported by:
Jiaoyou ZHANG, Yaning CHEN, Zhi LI. Assessment of efficiency and potentiality of agricultural resources in Central Asia[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(9): 1329-1340.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
Population and arable land of the five Central Asian countries (2014)"
Population | Arable land | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Total | Percentage of total population of Central Asia | Land area | Arable land area | Percentage of land area | Per person of arable land | ||
106 person | % | km2 | km2 | % | ha/person | |||
KAZ | 17.29 | 25.53 | 2699700 | 293950 | 10.89 | 1.700 | ||
KGZ | 5.83 | 8.62 | 191800 | 12806 | 6.68 | 0.219 | ||
TJK | 8.36 | 12.35 | 138786 | 7300 | 5.26 | 0.087 | ||
TKM | 5.47 | 8.07 | 469930 | 19400 | 4.13 | 0.355 | ||
UZB | 30.76 | 45.43 | 425400 | 44000 | 10.34 | 0.143 | ||
Central Asia | 67.71 | 100 | 3925616 | 377456 | 9.62 | 0.538 |
Table 2
Water withdrawal by sector (2014)"
Industries | Municipalities | Agriculture | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Volume | Percentage of total | Volume | Percentage of total | Volume | Percentage of total |
109 m3 | % | 109 m3 | % | 109 m3 | % | |
KAZ | 6.26 | 29.63 | 0.88 | 4.15 | 14.00 | 66.23 |
KGZ | 0.34 | 4.20 | 0.22 | 2.80 | 7.45 | 93.01 |
TJK | 0.41 | 3.55 | 0.65 | 5.63 | 10.44 | 90.86 |
TKM | 0.84 | 3.00 | 0.75 | 2.70 | 26.36 | 94.31 |
UZB | 1.50 | 2.68 | 4.10 | 7.32 | 50.40 | 90.00 |
Central Asia | 9.35 | 7.50 | 6.60 | 5.30 | 108.65 | 87.21 |
Table 3
Water resources and water usage in Central Asia (2014)"
Country | Total freshwater in country | Percentage of total freshwater in Central Asia | Water withdrawal by country | Water withdrawal of total freshwater | Water withdrawal to total withdrawal in Central Asia | Water withdrawal to total water resources in Central Asia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
109m3 | % | 109 m3 | % | % | % | |
KAZ | 64.35 | 33.09 | 21.14 | 32.85 | 16.97 | 10.87 |
KGZ | 48.93 | 25.16 | 8.01 | 16.36 | 6.43 | 4.12 |
TJK | 63.46 | 32.63 | 11.49 | 18.11 | 9.22 | 5.91 |
TKM | 1.41 | 0.72 | 27.95 | 1989.32 | 22.43 | 14.37 |
UZB | 16.34 | 8.40 | 56.00 | 342.72 | 44.95 | 28.79 |
Central Asia | 194.49 | 100 | 124.59 | 64.06 | 100 | 64.06 |
Table 4
Comparison of water consumption coefficient in Central Asia with that of other regions (Xie et al., 1998)"
Region | Water consumption coefficients (m3/kg) |
---|---|
Asia | 1.014 |
Africa | 0.684 |
North America | 0.33 |
South America | 0.331 |
Europe | 0.225 |
Egypt | 2.638 |
Japan | 1.946 |
China | 1.102 |
Western China | 1.105 |
Central Asia | 9.434 |
Table 5
Main agricultural resources input and quantity of grain output"
Country | Input | Output | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Arable land | Water | Fertilizer | Production | |
(ha) | (m3) | (kg) | (kg) | |
KAZ | 1 | 960.28 | 6.84 | 1172.89 |
KGZ | 1 | 12502.43 | 49.57 | 2276.25 |
TJK | 1 | 26459.25 | 156.24 | 3167.92 |
TKM | 1 | 49111.46 | * | 2627.01 |
UZB | 1 | 30857.77 | 592.16 | 4831.32 |
Central Asia | 1 | 6124.33 | 65.28 | 1635.13 |
[1] |
Abdullaev I, Fraiture C D, Giordano Met al., 2009. Agricultural water use and trade in Uzbekistan: Situation and potential impacts of market liberalization.International Journal of Water Resources Development, 25(1): 47-63.
doi: 10.1080/07900620802517533 |
[2] |
Abdullaev I, Kazbekov J, Manthritilake Het al., 2010. Water user groups in Central Asia: Emerging form of collective action in irrigation water management.Water Resources Management, 24(5): 1029-1043.
doi: 10.1007/s11269-009-9484-4 |
[3] |
Abdullaev I, Molden D, 2004. Spatial and temporal variability of water productivity in the Syr Darya Basin, Central Asia.Water Resources Research, 40(8): 379-405.
doi: 10.1029/2003WR002364 |
[4] | Barakat M N, Aldoss A A, Elshafei A Aet al., 2013. Assessment of genetic diversity among wheat doubled haploid plants using TRAP markers and morpho-agronomic traits.Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(1): 104-111. |
[5] |
Cai X, Yang Y-C E, Ringler Cet al., 2011. Agricultural water productivity assessment for the Yellow River Basin.Agricultural Water Management, 98(8): 1297-1306.
doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2011.03.010 |
[6] |
Chen B, Han M Y, Peng Ket al., 2018. Global land-water nexus: Agricultural land and freshwater use embodied in worldwide supply chains.Science of the Total Environment, 613/614: 931-943.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.138 pmid: 28946381 |
[7] | Chen Y N, Li W H, Deng H Jet al., 2016. Changes in Central Asia’s water tower: Past, present and future.Scientific Reports, 6: 35458. |
[8] |
Conrad C, Rahmann M, Machwitz Met al., 2013. Satellite based calculation of spatially distributed crop water requirements for cotton and wheat cultivation in Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan.Global and Planetary Change, 110: 88-98.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.08.002 |
[9] |
Davis K F, Gephart J A, Emery K Aet al., 2016. Meeting future food demand with current agricultural resources.Global Environmental Change, 39: 125-132.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.004 |
[10] |
Deng H J, Chen Y N, 2017. Influences of recent climate change and human activities on water storage variations in Central Asia.Journal of Hydrology, 544: 46-57.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.006 |
[11] |
Fernandez L, 2006. Natural resources, agriculture and property rights.Ecological Economics, 57(3): 359-373.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.04.022 |
[12] | Foley J A, Ramankutty N, Brauman K Aet al., 2011. Solutions for a cultivated planet.Nature, 478(7369): 337-342. |
[13] |
Godfray H C J, Beddington J R, Crute I Ret al., 2010. Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people.Science, 327(5967): 812.
doi: 10.1126/science.1185383 pmid: 20110467 |
[14] |
Gopalakrishnan G, Negri M C, Wang Met al., 2009. Biofuels, land, and water: A systems approach to sustainability.Environmental Science & Technology, 43(15): 6094-6100.
doi: 10.1021/es900801u pmid: 19731724 |
[15] | Hoogerbrugge I, Fresco L O, 2016. Homegarden Systems: Agricultural Characteristics and Challenges. Inge D Hoogerbrugge & Louise. |
[16] |
Jallah J K, Mulbah C K, Kiazolu J Set al., 1991. Efficient fertilizer use for increased crop production: The Liberia experience.Fertilizer Research, 29(1): 65-79.
doi: 10.1007/BF01048990 |
[17] |
Ji L-L, Abuduwaili, Mubareke Aet al., 2009. Comparative analysis of the land water resources exploitation and its safety in the five countries of Central Asia.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 31(5): 960-968. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(85)80170-6 |
[18] | Karen F, 2013. Irrigation in Central Asia in Figures. AQUASTAT Survey-2012, FAO Water Reports 39. |
[19] | Kitamura Y, Yano T, Yasuda Set al., 2000. Water and salt behavior in an irrigation block under rice-based cropping system in Central Asia: Research on water management to prevent secondary salinization in arid land (II).Transactions of the Japanese Society of Irrigation Drainage & Reclamation Engineering, 68: 183-192. |
[20] | Kotlyakov V M, 1991. The Aral Sea Basin: A critical environmental zone.Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 33(1): 4-38. |
[21] | Kulmatov R, 2014. Problems of sustainable use and management of water and land resources in Uzbekistan.Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6(1): 35-42. |
[22] |
Lenhardt P P, Brãhl C A, Leeb Cet al., 2017. Amphibian population genetics in agricultural landscapes: Does viniculture drive the population structuring of the European common frog (Rana temporaria)?Peerj, 5(7): e3520.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.3520 pmid: 5508807 |
[23] | Lerman Z, 2008. Agricultural development in Uzbekistan: The effect of ongoing reforms. Discussion Papers. |
[24] |
Li Z, Chen Y N, Fang G Het al., 2017. Multivariate assessment and attribution of droughts in Central Asia.Scientific Reports, 7: 1316.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01473-1 pmid: 5430973 |
[25] | Mittu B, Chauhan A, 2015. Soil health: An issue of concern for environment and agriculture.Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation, 6(3): 1-4. |
[26] |
Platonov A, Thenkabail P S, Biradar C Met al., 2008. Water Productivity Mapping (WPM) using Landsat ETM+ data for the irrigated croplands of the Syrdarya River Basin in Central Asia.Sensors, 8(12): 8156-8180.
doi: 10.3390/s8128156 pmid: 3791012 |
[27] |
Restuccia D, Yang D T, Zhu X, 2008. Agriculture and aggregate productivity: A quantitative cross-country analysis.Journal of Monetary Economics, 55(2): 234-250.
doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2007.11.006 |
[28] |
Revelle R, 1976. The resources available for agriculture.Scientific American, 235(235): 164-178.
doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0976-164 |
[29] |
Schneider U A, Havlík P, Schmid Eet al., 2011. Impacts of population growth, economic development, and technical change on global food production and consumption.Agricultural Systems, 104(2): 204-215.
doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2010.11.003 |
[30] |
Smith M, 2000. The application of climatic data for planning and management of sustainable rainfed and irrigated crop production.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 103: 99-108.
doi: 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00121-0 |
[31] | Tanirbergenov S I, Suleimenov B U, Saparov A Set al., 2016. The fertilizer system increasing the salt tolerance and productivity of cotton in the conditions of saline soils in southern Kazakhstan.Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological & Chemical Sciences, 7(6): 147-155. |
[32] |
Thevs N, Ovezmuradov K, Zanjani L Vet al., 2015. Water consumption of agriculture and natural ecosystems at the Amu Darya in Lebap Province, Turkmenistan.Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(2): 731-741.
doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3084-1 |
[33] | Tilman D, Cassman K G, Matson P Aet al., 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices.Nature, 418(6898): 671-677. |
[34] |
Visser O, 2016. Running out of farmland? Investment discourses, unstable land values and the sluggishness of asset making.Agriculture & Human Values: 1-14.
doi: 10.1007/s10460-015-9679-7 |
[35] |
Vyshpolsky F, Qadir M, Karimov Aet al., 2010. Enhancing the productivity of high-magnesium soil and water resources in Central Asia through the application of phosphogypsum.Land Degradation & Development, 19(1): 45-56.
doi: 10.1002/ldr.814 |
[36] | Xie G D, Qi W H, Zhang Y Set al., 1998. A study on utilization efficiency of main agricultural resourcesResources Science, 20(5): 10-14. (in Chinese) |
[37] |
Zhang M, Chen Y N, Shen Y Jet al., 2017. Changes of precipitation extremes in arid Central Asia.Quaternary International, 436: 16-27. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.024.
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.12.024 |
[38] |
Zhao F J, Ma Y, Zhu Y Get al., 2015. Soil contamination in China: Current status and mitigation strategies.Environmental Science & Technology, 49(2): 750-759.
doi: 10.1021/es5047099 pmid: 25514502 |
[1] | Xuegang CUI, Chuanglin FANG, Zhenbo WANG, Chao BAO. Spatial relationship of high-speed transportation construction and land-use efficiency and its mechanism: Case study of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(4): 549-562. |
[2] | Man ZHANG, Yaning CHEN, Yanjun SHEN, Baofu LI. Tracking climate change in Central Asia through temperature and precipitation extremes [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(1): 3-28. |
[3] | CHEN Xi,WANG Shanshan,HU Zengyun,ZHOU Qiming,HU Qi. Spatiotemporal characteristics of seasonal precipitation and their relationships with ENSO in Central Asia during 1901-2013 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(9): 1341-1368. |
[4] | Weijie HU, Hailong LIU, Anming BAO, M. El-Tantawi Attia. Influences of environmental changes on water storage variations in Central Asia [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(7): 985-1000. |
[5] | Yang WANG, Yong ZHANG, Ouya FANG, Xuemei SHAO. Long-term changes in the tree radial growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency of Chuanxi spruce (Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana) in southwestern China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(6): 833-844. |
[6] | Dan LIU, Chenglong YU, Fang ZHAO. Response of the water use efficiency of natural vegetation to drought in Northeast China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(5): 611-628. |
[7] | ZHOU Zhongxue,LI Mengtao. Spatial-temporal change in urban agricultural land use efficiency from the perspective of agricultural multi-functionality: A case study of the Xi’an metropolitan zone [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(12): 1499-1520. |
[8] | YAN Huimin,JI Yongzan,LIU Jiyuan,LIU Fang,HU Yunfeng,KUANG Wenhui. Potential promoted productivity and spatial patterns of medium- and low-yield cropland land in China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(3): 259-271. |
[9] | Shengjie WANG,Mingjun ZHANG,Fenli CHEN,Yanjun CHE,Mingxia DU,Yangmin LIU. Comparison of GCM-simulated isotopic compositions of precipitation in arid central Asia [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(7): 771-783. |
[10] | SHENG Wenping, REN Shujie, YU Guirui, FANG Huajun, JIANG Chunming, ZHANG Mi. Patterns and driving factors of WUE and NUE in natural forest ecosystems along the North-South Transect of Eastern China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2011, 21(4): 651-665. |
[11] | LIU Yujie, YUAN Guofu. Impacts of climate change on winter wheat growth in Panzhuang Irrigation District, Shandong Province [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2010, 20(6): 861-875. |
|