Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2018, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (9): 1233-1248.doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1522-9
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Zhigao LIU1,2(), Tao WANG1,2, Won SONN Jung3*, Won SONN Jung3
Received:
2018-03-01
Accepted:
2018-04-02
Online:
2018-09-25
Published:
2018-09-25
About author:
Author: Liu Zhigao (1974-), PhD and Associate Professor, specialized in economic geography and regional development. E-mail:
Supported by:
Zhigao LIU, Tao WANG, Won SONN Jung, Won SONN Jung. The structure and evolution of trade relations between countries along the Belt and Road[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(9): 1233-1248.
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Table 1
Descriptive statistics of the complete B&R trade network"
Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of countries | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 |
Number of ties | 1782 | 1802 | 1840 | 1840 | 1886 | 1884 | 2102 | 2130 | 2168 |
Density | 0.428 | 0.433 | 0.442 | 0.442 | 0.453 | 0.453 | 0.505 | 0.512 | 0.521 |
Degree of centralization | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.045 | 0.061 | 0.072 | 0.082 | 0.091 | 0.107 | 0.117 |
Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |
Number of countries | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | |
Number of ties | 2164 | 2168 | 2188 | 2184 | 2216 | 2192 | 2216 | 2222 | |
Density | 0.520 | 0.521 | 0.526 | 0.525 | 0.533 | 0.527 | 0.533 | 0.534 | |
Degree of centralization | 0.116 | 0.112 | 0.117 | 0.112 | 0.120 | 0.125 | 0.122 | 0.126 |
Table 4
The evolution of the size of communities in the top 2 trade network"
Community No. | Community leader | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2013 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Russia | 18 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 11 | |
China | 16 | 13 | 13 | 17 | 17 | |
Serbia | 0 | 0 | 8 | 10 | 13 | |
Hungary | 8 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 6 | |
Kuwait | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Poland | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
Thailand | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Serbia and Montenegro | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Iran | 0 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 0 | |
Turkey | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Israel | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Greece | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Kazakhstan | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Czech | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
Myanmar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
No. of communities | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
Table 3
Top 10 countries by centrality indicators in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2013 and 2016"
2000 | 2004 | 2008 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | DC | Country | CC | Country | BC | Country | DC | Country | CC | Country | BC | Country | DC | Country | CC | Country | BC |
Russia | 0.35 | Russia | 0.50 | Russia | 0.47 | Russia | 0.35 | Russia | 0.52 | Russia | 0.45 | Russia | 0.38 | Russia | 0.57 | Russia | BC |
China | 0.29 | China | 0.47 | China | 0.31 | China | 0.32 | China | 0.52 | China | 0.38 | China | 0.33 | China | 0.55 | China | 0.50 |
Singapore | 0.19 | Singapore | 0.41 | Singapore | 0.12 | Serbia | 0.14 | Turkey | 0.45 | Turkey | 0.09 | Serbia | 0.16 | Turkey | 0.47 | Serbia | 0.40 |
Turkey | 0.11 | Turkey | 0.41 | Mongolia | 0.08 | Singapore | 0.13 | Greece | 0.42 | Iran | 0.09 | Singapore | 0.14 | Hungary | 0.44 | Iran | 0.13 |
Iran | 0.10 | Mongolia | 0.40 | Thailand | 0.07 | Turkey | 0.11 | Hungary | 0.41 | Ukraine | 0.07 | Turkey | 0.13 | Greece | 0.44 | Turkey | 0.10 |
Saudi Arabia | 0.10 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.39 | Croatia | 0.07 | Iran | 0.08 | Singapore | 0.40 | Serbia & Montenegro | 0.07 | Iran | 0.09 | Syria | 0.42 | Hungary | 0.08 |
Thailand | 0.10 | Vietnam | 0.39 | Turkey | 0.06 | Hungary | 0.08 | Saudi Arabia | 0.39 | Hungary | 0.07 | Hungary | 0.09 | Serbia | 0.41 | Greece | 0.07 |
Poland | 0.08 | Iran | 0.37 | Hungary | 0.06 | Saudi Arabia | 0.08 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.39 | Greece | 0.07 | Saudi Arabia | 0.08 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.41 | Tajikistan | 0.06 |
Hungary | 0.08 | Thailand | 0.37 | Belarus | 0.05 | Greece | 0.08 | Iran | 0.39 | Saudi Arabia | 0.07 | Greece | 0.08 | Vietnam | 0.41 | Singapore | 0.05 |
Croatia | 0.08 | Croatia | 0.37 | Iran | 0.05 | Oman | 0.08 | Romania | 0.39 | Qatar | 0.06 | Oman | 0.06 | Tajikistan | 0.41 | Kuwait | 0.05 |
2013 | 2016 | ||||||||||||||||
Country | DC | Country | CC | Country | BC | Country | DC | Country | CC | Country | BC | ||||||
Russia | 0.34 | Russia | 0.55 | Russia | 0.49 | China | 0.41 | China | 0.59 | China | 0.60 | ||||||
China | 0.33 | China | 0.52 | China | 0.40 | Russia | 0.25 | Russia | 0.50 | Russia | 0.24 | ||||||
Serbia | 0.19 | Turkey | 0.46 | Serbia | 0.22 | Serbia | 0.16 | Serbia | 0.46 | Serbia | 0.16 | ||||||
Turkey | 0.13 | Serbia | 0.44 | Turkey | 0.10 | Singapore | 0.14 | Turkey | 0.44 | Hungary | 0.13 | ||||||
Singapore | 0.13 | Hungary | 0.43 | Iran | 0.08 | Turkey | 0.13 | Singapore | 0.42 | Poland | 0.11 | ||||||
Hungary | 0.11 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.42 | Hungary | 0.08 | Hungary | 0.11 | Hungary | 0.42 | Turkey | 0.08 | ||||||
Saudi Arabia | 0.09 | Vietnam | 0.41 | Romania | 0.06 | Qatar | 0.09 | Qatar | 0.41 | Qatar | 0.07 | ||||||
Romania | 0.09 | Belarus | 0.41 | Greece | 0.05 | Poland | 0.09 | Greece | 0.41 | Iran | 0.07 | ||||||
Iran | 0.08 | Greece | 0.40 | Bhutan | 0.04 | Iran | 0.08 | Poland | 0.41 | Singapore | 0.06 | ||||||
Greece | 0.08 | Kazakhstan | 0.39 | Syria | 0.03 | Saudi Arabia | 0.08 | Iran | 0.41 | United Arab Emirates | 0.04 |
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