Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2018, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (6): 707-724.doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1500-2
• Research Articles • Next Articles
Yahui WANG1,2(), Xiubin LI1,2,*(
), Liangjie XIN1, Minghong TAN1,3, Min JIANG1,2
Received:
2017-09-10
Accepted:
2017-11-23
Online:
2018-06-20
Published:
2018-06-20
Contact:
Xiubin LI
E-mail:wangyhui.15b@igsnrr.ac.cn;lixb@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Author: Wang Yahui, PhD Candidate, specialized in land use change and agricultural economy.E-mail:
Supported by:
Yahui WANG, Xiubin LI, Liangjie XIN, Minghong TAN, Min JIANG. Spatiotemporal changes in Chinese land circulation between 2003 and 2013[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(6): 707-724.
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Table 1
The effective number of farm households surveyed each year"
Year | Total number surveyed | Renting-in land | Renting-out land |
---|---|---|---|
2003 | 16,905 | 1231 | 1637 |
2004 | 16,668 | 1233 | 1324 |
2005 | 17,331 | 1126 | 1402 |
2006 | 16,871 | 1126 | 1639 |
2007 | 14,356 | 1211 | 1384 |
2008 | 15,378 | 1033 | 1764 |
2009 | 15,399 | 1132 | 1823 |
2010 | 15,392 | 1509 | 2104 |
2011 | 13,432 | 1641 | 1905 |
2012 | 14,127 | 1838 | 2231 |
2013 | 13,652 | 2050 | 2184 |
Total | 169,511 | 15,130 | 19,397 |
Table 2
Definitions and statistical descriptions of the variables used in this study"
Variables | Definitions | 2003 | 2013 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | S.D | Mean | S.D | ||
Dependent variable | |||||
First stage model: Land rented-out | Yes = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.25 |
Second stage model: Rent per unit area | Rent obtained (yuan/ha) | 1792.5 | 6565.8 | 4097.4 | 8600.3 |
Independent variables | |||||
Land quality | Yield per ha larger than the average in village = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.71 |
Geographic location | |||||
Suburban region | Located in the suburbs (yes = 1, otherwise = 0) | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.37 |
Economic level | Lowest level = 1, medium level = 3, highest level = 5 | 2.81 | 0.88 | 2.82 | 0.87 |
Transaction costs | |||||
Number of land parcels | Number of the plots in cultivation (plots) | 4.47 | 4.98 | 4.11 | 4.92 |
Land circulation intermediary | Circulating intermediary in town (yes = 1, otherwise = 0) | 0.11 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.43 |
Household characteristics | |||||
Rate of non-agricultural income | Rate of non-agricultural income in household income (%) | 58.21 | 38.29 | 76.98 | 42.22 |
Age of family head | Age of the household head (years) | 50.12 | 10.87 | 52.46 | 9.25 |
Physical condition of family head | No ability to work = 1, average level = 3, favorable level = 5 | 4.33 | 2.21 | 4.20 | 1.90 |
Number of labor force | Number of people in the labors from 16 years old to 65 years old | 2.17 | 1.02 | 2.22 | 1.08 |
Occupation | Agriculture = 1, otherwise = 0 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.86 | 0.32 |
Total value of productive assets | Total value of productive assets (yuan) | 5913.7 | 2819.1 | 9007.3 | 3285.2 |
Village characteristics | |||||
Per capita income in village | Total income divided by total population in village (yuan/year) | 2719.3 | 2799.2 | 4789.3 | 4319.8 |
Number of enterprises in village | Number of non-agricultural enterprises | 3.27 | 2.19 | 5.83 | 2.24 |
Rate of population outflow | Outflow population number divided by total people (%) | 21.00 | 18.00 | 33.12 | 19.00 |
Financial constraints | Has get a loan (yes = 1, otherwise = 0) | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.29 |
Table 3
Regional differences in the cost of renting-in land"
Region | No land rent | Land rent (≤7500 yuan/ha) | Land rent (7500- 15,000 yuan/ha) | Land rent (≥15,000 yuan/ha) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of households | Rate (%) | Number of households | Rate (%) | Number of households | Rate (%) | Number of households | Rate (%) | |
Total samples | 6169 | 55.05 | 3546 | 31.64 | 590 | 5.26 | 875 | 7.81 |
Plain | 1579 | 50.33 | 1157 | 36.89 | 133 | 18.81 | 268 | 8.54 |
Hilly | 2613 | 51.68 | 1851 | 36.61 | 304 | 6.01 | 288 | 4.51 |
Mountainous | 1977 | 68.67 | 494 | 17.16 | 172 | 5.97 | 236 | 8.19 |
Table 4
Regional differences in the cost of renting-out land"
Region | No land rent | Land rent (≤7500 yuan/ha) | Land rent (7500- 15,000 yuan/ha) | Land rent (≥15,000 yuan/ha) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of households | Rate (%) | Number of households | Rate (%) | Number of households | Rate (%) | Number of households | Rate (%) | |
Total samples | 10,209 | 52.63 | 6440 | 33.20 | 1680 | 8.66 | 927 | 4.78 |
Plain | 2363 | 40.87 | 2257 | 39.03 | 794 | 13.73 | 368 | 6.36 |
Hilly | 4554 | 57.52 | 2929 | 36.99 | 326 | 4.12 | 108 | 1.36 |
Mountainous | 3077 | 56.96 | 1227 | 22.71 | 672 | 12.44 | 426 | 7.88 |
Table 5
Heckman two-stage estimation results for regional differences in land circulation"
Variable | First stage model: Renting-out land = 1, otherwise = 0 | Second stage model: Log (1 + land rent per ha) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
B | T-value | B | T-value | |
Land quality | -0.093*** | -8.92 | 0.309*** | 6.17 |
Geographical location | ||||
Suburban region | -0.147*** | -10.23 | 0.392*** | 4.24 |
Economic level | -0.012* | -1.78 | 0.327*** | 8.03 |
Transaction costs | ||||
Number of land parcels | -0.245** | -2.18 | -0.029*** | 2.89 |
Land circulation intermediary | 0.039*** | 8.11 | 0.064*** | 7.82 |
Household characteristics | ||||
Rate of non-agricultural income | 0.179*** | 13.31 | 0.363 | 1.08 |
Age of family head | 0.139*** | 4.29 | - | - |
Physical condition of family head | -0.042*** | -7.13 | - | - |
Number of labor force | -0.022*** | -4.01 | 0.073** | 2.47 |
Occupation | -0.212*** | -13.31 | 0.344*** | 3.02 |
Log(total value of productive assets) | -0.004** | -2.13 | -0.005*** | -3.73 |
Village characteristics | ||||
Log(per capita income in village) | 0.101*** | 8.37 | 0.265*** | 3.29 |
Number of enterprises in village | 0.001*** | 3.90 | 0.003 | 1.64 |
Rate of population outflow | 0.560*** | 17.82 | -0.167*** | -13.12 |
Financial constraints | 0.090*** | 5.21 | -0.060 | -0.51 |
Year dummies | Yes | |||
Regional dummies | Yes | |||
Lambda (λ) | -2.87*** | |||
Wald chi-squared (32) | 1336.83 | |||
Probability greater than chi-squared | 0.0000 | |||
Number of observations | 130,452 |
Table 6
Heckman two-stage estimation results for land circulation in regions characterized by different terrains"
Variables | Plain regions | Hilly regions | Mountainous regions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First stage model: Renting-out land = 1, no = 0 | Second stage model: Log(1 + land rent per ha) | First stage model: Renting-out land = 1, no = 0 | Second stage model: Log(1 + land rent per ha) | First stage model: Renting-out land = 1, no = 0 | Second stage model: Log(1 + land rent per ha) | |
Land quality | -0.172*** | 0.324*** | -0.133*** | 0.662*** | -0.055*** | 0.123 |
Geographical location | ||||||
Suburban region | -0.304*** | 0.473 | -0.053** | 0.510*** | -0.233*** | -0.177 |
Economic level | -0.060*** | -0.092 | -0.004 | 0.418*** | 0.021* | 0.331*** |
Transaction costs | ||||||
Number of land parcels | -0.138*** | -0.073* | -0.232*** | -0.225** | -0.246*** | -0.206** |
Land circulation intermediary | 0.042*** | 0.051** | 0.027*** | 0.213*** | 0.009** | 0.343*** |
Household characteristics | ||||||
Rate of non-agricultural income | 0.233*** | 0.074 | 0.155*** | 0.019*** | 0.173*** | -0.065 |
Age of family head | 0.009 | - | 0.086 | - | 0.372*** | - |
Physical condition of family head | -0.073*** | - | -0.057*** | - | -0.004 | - |
Number of labor force | 0.003 | 0.142*** | -0.029*** | 0.112 | -0.047*** | -0.009 |
Occupation | -0.212*** | 0.193 | -0.241*** | 0.911*** | -0.156*** | 0.078 |
Log(total value of productive assets) | -0.002 | 0.015 | 0.008** | -0.092*** | -0.019*** | -0.033* |
Village characteristics | ||||||
Log(per capita income in village) | 0.093*** | 0.294*** | 0.086*** | -0.352* | 0.102*** | 0.493*** |
Number of enterprises in village | 0.004*** | -0.006 | -0.004*** | 0.017*** | 0.004*** | 0.001 |
Rate of population outflow | 0.331*** | -0.073 | 0.321*** | -5.664*** | 0.058 | -2.171*** |
Financial constraints | 0.013 | 0.183 | 0.183*** | -0.901 | 0.013 | 0.212 |
Year dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Regional dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
Lambda (λ) | -0.454* | -6.155*** | -1.221* | |||
Wald chi-squared (32) | 525.75 | 553.65 | 618.01 | |||
Probability greater than chi-squared | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |||
Number of observations | 37,338 | 41,322 | 51,792 |
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