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Journal of Geographical Sciences    2018, Vol. 28 Issue (5) : 656-668     DOI: 10.1007/s11442-018-1497-6
Research Articles |
Rainfall-runoff risk characteristics of urban function zones in Beijing using the SCS-CN model
YAO Lei1(),WEI Wei2,YU Yang2,XIAO Jun2,CHEN Liding2,*()
1. College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS, Beijing 100085, China
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Abstract  

Urbanization significantly increases the risk of urban flooding. Therefore, quantitative study of urban rainfall-runoff processes can provide a scientific basis for urban planning and management. In this paper, the built-up region within the Fifth Ring Road of Beijing was selected as the study area. The details of land cover and urban function zones (UFZs) were identified using GIS and RS methods. On this basis, the SCS-CN model was adopted to analyze the rainfall-runoff risk characteristics of the study area. The results showed that: (1) UFZs within different levels of runoff risk varied under different rainfall conditions. The area ratio of the UFZs with high runoff risk increased from 18.90% (for rainfall return period of 1a) to 54.74% (for period of 100a). Specifically, urban commercial areas tended to have the highest runoff risk, while urban greening spaces had the lowest. (2) The spatial characteristics of the runoff risks showed an obvious circular distribution. Spatial cluster areas with high runoff risk were mainly concentrated in the center of the study area, while those with low runoff risk were mainly distributed between the fourth and fifth ring roads. The results indicated that the spatial clustering characteristic of urban runoff risk and runoff heterogeneity among different UFZs should be fully considered during urban rainwater management.
Keywords SCS-CN model      urban function zone      spatial cluster      runoff risk     
Fund:National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41701206;The Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41590841
Corresponding Authors: CHEN Liding     E-mail: alex_yaolei@126.com;liding@rcees.ac.cn
Issue Date: 31 March 2018
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YAO Lei
WEI Wei
YU Yang
XIAO Jun
CHEN Liding
Cite this article:   
YAO Lei,WEI Wei,YU Yang, et al. Rainfall-runoff risk characteristics of urban function zones in Beijing using the SCS-CN model[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(5): 656-668.
URL:  
http://www.geogsci.com/EN/10.1007/s11442-018-1497-6     OR     http://www.geogsci.com/EN/Y2018/V28/I5/656
Figure 1  The study area and its urban function zones
UFZ Abbreviation Area (ha) Description
High-density
residential zone		 HRZ 21187.9 Services for citizens; typical residential communities in Beijing, including low-rise and high-rise buildings with a dense population.
Low-density
residential zone		 LRZ 450.0 Services for citizens; lower impervious fraction; mainly low-rise buildings with a sparse population.
Government zone GOZ 6119.2 Services for civil servants and students; government buildings, public organizations, research institutes, and campuses.
Industry zone INZ 9460.1 Services for production workers and laborers; city infrastructure and industrial factories, energy, and resources supply.
Commercial zone COZ 10100.6 Services for business and commercial workers; city malls, retail businesses, and public amenities such as restaurants, hotels, etc.
Recreational zone REZ 9204.5 Services for tourists and residents; urban parks, golf courses, and scenic areas with relatively high green coverage.
Preservation zone PRZ 225.1 Services for tourists and residents; open space with natural and artificial green space such as forest parks.
Agricultural zone AGZ 751.9 Services for agricultural workers; cultivated land, greenhouses, and orchards.
Public service zone PSZ 3704.6 Services for citizens, such as hospitals, libraries, museums, stadiums, and city squares.
Development zone DEZ 4302.1 Services mainly for construction workers; undeveloped open space and demolition areas.
Table 1  Standard of classification for urban functional zones in Beijing’s five-ring areas
Land use AMC I AMC II b AMC III
Impervious land 98 98 98
Farmland 60 78 90
Forest 37 58 78
Grassland 40 61 80
Bare land 81 91 97
Water a 0 0 0
Table 2  Curve numbers assigned with various land cover types and antecedent moisture conditions (AMC)
Figure 2  Land-cover composition of each type of urban functional zone
Figure 3  Average runoff ratios of the study area under different rainfall return periods
Rainfall-runoff risk level Runoff ratio (α)
Lowest risk α<0.35
Lower risk 0.35≤α<0.5
Moderate risk 0.5≤α<0.6
Higher risk 0.6≤α<0.7
Highest risk 0.7≤α
Table 3  Class assignments of the runoff risk areas
Urban function
zone		 Area ratio for each level runoff risk (%)
Highest risk Higher risk Moderate risk Lower risk Lowest risk
HRZ 37.41 46.26 32.98 8.21 0.52
LRZ 0.04 0.50 0.29 4.16 0.40
GOZ 6.98 11.77 18.25 8.69 2.00
INZ 15.18 16.65 17.00 12.22 4.72
DEZ 5.17 7.27 10.68 7.30 3.74
COZ 29.88 8.87 6.83 3.97 0.68
REZ 0.27 1.30 8.38 36.58 84.17
PRZ - - - 1.39 1.90
AGZ - 0.35 1.45 6.67 1.02
PSZ 5.07 7.03 4.14 10.81 0.83
Table 4  Proportions of urban functional zones within each level runoff risk area (under the rainfall return period of 10a)
UFZ 1a 3a 5a 10a 25a 50a 100a
GOZ 24.76±4.14e 36.40±5.78de 42.02±6.46de 49.77±7.31d 60.25±8.32d 68.45±9.02d 76.70±9.66d
COZ 27.74±3.71f 40.58±5.17f 46.70±5.77f 55.06±6.52e 66.28±7.42e 74.99±8.04e 83.69±8.60e
AGZ 12.00±4.83b 21.12±6.22b 25.87±6.80b 32.66±7.52b 42.17±8.40bc 49.79±9.02c 57.57±9.59c
PSZ 25.06±5.10e 36.84±7.11de 42.51±7.94de 50.33±8.96d 60.90±10.19d 69.16±11.04d 77.45±11.81d
HRZ 24.90±3.55e 36.60±4.96de 42.24±5.54de 50.02±6.26d 60.54±7.12d 68.77±7.72d 77.03±8.27d
LRZ 17.56±5.55c 26.45±7.78c 30.93±8.70c 37.27±9.85c 46.08±11.22c 53.12±12.18c 60.31±13.05c
INZ 25.42±5.78ef 37.43±7.98ef 43.21±8.88ef 51.16±10de 61.88±11.34de 70.26±12.26de 78.66±13.09de
DEZ 22.27±7.03d 33.59±9.61d 39.10±10.68d 46.74±12d 57.12±13.57d 65.26±14.66d 73.46±15.65d
REZ 13.55±6.40b 20.83±8.94b 24.64±9.99b 30.15±11.3b 37.97±12.86b 44.33±13.94b 50.90±14.93b
PRZ 7.36±3.10a 12.39±4.48a 15.28±5.06a 19.64±5.8a 26.12±6.69a 31.54±7.31a 37.26±7.88a
Table 5  Comparison of the average runoff volume in each urban functional zone (UFZ) in different return periods of rainfall (mm)
Figure 4  Spatial distribution chart of runoff risk area under 3 types of rainfall conditions (1a, 10a, 100a)
Figure 5  LISA map for runoff risk analysis
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