Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2018, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (5): 611-628.doi: 10.1007/s11442-018-1494-9
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Dan LIU1,2,3(
), Chenglong YU1,2,3(), Fang ZHAO4
Received:2017-10-18
Accepted:2018-01-06
Online:2018-03-30
Published:2018-03-31
About author:Author: Liu Dan (1974-), PhD, specialized in ecological meteorology. E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Yu Chenglong (1973-), PhD, specialized in ecological meteorology. E-mail:
Supported by:Dan LIU, Chenglong YU, Fang ZHAO. Response of the water use efficiency of natural vegetation to drought in Northeast China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(5): 611-628.
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Figure 1
Natural vegetation distribution in Northeast China. The white areas represent the non-vegetation regions and the regions with changes in land cover types from 2000 to 2013. The vegetation regions are arranged in a descending order as follows: grasslands (accounting for 20.45% of the total area of Northeast China), temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests (11.19%), cold-temperate coniferous forests (7.22%), warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests (0.32%), and wetlands (<0.01)."
Figure 2
Spatial distribution of drought frequency (a) and the annual change in the percentage of drought regions (b) in Northeast China from 2002 to 2013"
Figure 3
Spatial distribution (a) and interannual changes (b) of the WUE of the natural vegetation in Northeast China from 2002 to 2013"
Figure 4
Comparison of the average WUE between drought conditions and normal water conditions in 2008"
Table 1
Changes in the WUE of the natural vegetation in drought conditions in Northeast China in 2008"
| Vegetation type | ?WUE < 0 | ?WUE > 0 | ?WUE = 0 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cold-temperate coniferous forests (%) | 4.56 | 80.00 | 15.44 |
| Temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests (%) | 6.13 | 73.95 | 19.93 |
| Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests (%) | 0.78 | 97.16 | 2.06 |
| Grasslands (%) | 1.09 | 94.25 | 4.66 |
| Total (%) | 3.10 | 86.11 | 10.79 |
Figure 5
Changes in the WUE of the natural vegetation in drought conditions in 2008"
Table 2
Indices of the natural vegetation in Northeast China in normal water conditions"
| Vegetation type | ?WUE | ET (mm/year) | NPP (kgC/m2) | LAI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Comparison of the means | Mean | Comparison of the means | Mean | Comparison of the means | ||
| Cold-temperate coniferous forests | ?WUE > 0 | 482.21 | sig < 0.001 | 454.23 | sig < 0.001 | 1.47 | sig = 0.101 |
| ?WUE < 0 | 440.20 | 520.00 | 1.51 | ||||
| Temperate pine-broad-leaved mixed forests | ?WUE > 0 | 526.99 | sig < 0.001 | 468.76 | sig < 0.001 | 1.40 | sig = 0.131 |
| ?WUE < 0 | 508.27 | 438.31 | 1.43 | ||||
| Warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests | ?WUE > 0 | 419.41 | sig = 0.253 | 360.45 | sig = 0.061 | 0.63 | sig = 0.726 |
| ?WUE < 0 | 394.14 | 353.08 | 0.62 | ||||
| Grasslands | ?WUE > 0 | 329.19 | sig = 0.032 | 280.30 | sig < 0.001 | 0.81 | sig < 0.001 |
| ?WUE < 0 | 318.84 | 299.40 | 0.80 | ||||
Figure 6
Distribution of ET, NPP, and LAI of natural vegetation in drought conditions. The solid line is the distribution curve of the frequency (percentage) of ET, NPP, and LAI in normal water conditions with regard to the pixels with ?WUE ≥ 0 specified in Figure 5d. The dotted line is the distribution curve of the frequency (percentage) of the corresponding indices in normal conditions with regard to the pixels with ?WUE < 0 specified in Figure 5d."
Table 3
Comparison of the WUE data"
| Ecosystem class | Study area | Value (gC/kg-1H2O) | Data source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forests | Yangtze River Delta, China | 1.68-1.95 | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Changbaishan temperate broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest, China | 9.43 | Yu et al. (2008) | |
| Qianyanzhou subtropical coniferous plantation, China | 9.27 | Yu et al. (2008) | |
| Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, China | 6.90 | Yu et al. (2008) | |
| Forest ecosystems, Europe | 1.2-5.0 | Kuglitsch et al. (2008) | |
| Urban-forest reserve, China | 2.6 ± 0.2 | Xie et al. (2016) | |
| Alpine area of Southwest China | 0.83-1.46 | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| California, USA | 1.33 | Malone et al. (2016) | |
| Northeast China | 0.82-1.08 | This study | |
| Grasslands | Yangtze River Delta, China | 1.66 | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Xinjiang, China | 0.26-0.69 | ||
| Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China | 0.62 | Mi et al. (2015) | |
| Alpine area of Southwest China | 0.84-1.14 | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| California, USA | 1.73 | Malone et al. (2016) | |
| Northeast China | 0.84-0.99 | This study |
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