Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2017, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 1123-1150.doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1426-0
• Review Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Shengfa LI1,2(), Xiubin LI1,*(
)
Received:
2016-10-24
Accepted:
2017-01-20
Online:
2017-09-10
Published:
2017-09-05
Contact:
Xiubin LI
E-mail:li_shengfa@126.com;lixb@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Author: Li Shengfa, PhD Candidate, specialized in land use change analysis. E-mail:
Supported by:
Shengfa LI, Xiubin LI. Global understanding of farmland abandonment: A review and prospects[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(9): 1123-1150.
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Table 1
Typical drivers of farmland abandonment in main research areas"
Study region | Terrain | Drivers and causes | Study period | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northeastern Spain | Mountain | Depopulation, livelihood changed | 1984-2007 | Melendez-Pastor et al., 2014 | ||
Southeast of Portugal | Hilly | Implementation of EU common agricultural policy, rural exodus, marginalization of farmland | 1985-2000 | Doorn et al., 1996 | ||
The Pyrenees | Mountain | Changes in demand, marginalization of farmland | 1950-2000 | Mottet et al., 2006 | ||
Central and southern France | Mountain | Depopulation | 1975-1998 | Andre, 1998 | ||
Mountain Swiss | Mountain | Rural depopulation, increase of part-time households | 1980s-1990 | Gellrich et al., 2007a | ||
Western Russia | Plain | Social and economic reform, subsidies stopped | 1984-2010 | Prishchepov et al., 2013 | ||
East of Albania | Mountain | Massive imports of low-cost agricultural products led to a decline in incomes for local agricultural production, which made many farmers move out and seek employment in a non-farm sector | 1988-2003 | Sikor et al., 2009 | ||
Southern Russia | Plain | Collapse of the Soviet Union, the central government stopped providing agricultural subsidies | 1989-1998 | H?lzel et al., 2002 | ||
Carpathians | Mountain | Social and economic reform, land system reform | 1986-2000 | Kuemmerle et al., 2008 | ||
Central Latvia | Hilly | Lack of agricultural laborers, privatization of land ownership | Since 1990 | Nikodemus et al., 2005 | ||
Slovakia | Mountain | Market economy; an increase of imports led to a decline in both the demand for and price of local agricultural products, which led to marginalization of farmland; other causes included the lack of young laborers, an aging labor force, and a diversity of livelihoods | 1990-2010 | Lieskovsky et al., 2015 | ||
Western Ukraine | Mountain | Collapse of the political system, an incomplete land system reform, and more opportunities for non-farm jobs | 1989-2008 | Baumann et al., 2011; Alix-Garcia et al., 2012 | ||
Southern Poland | Mountain | The mobility of the local population and increases in off-farm employment | 1823-2001 | Kozak, 2003 | ||
South Appalachian | Mountain & Hilly | Marginalization of farmland: low productive farmland that needed more input of fertilizers, and entailed higher farm costs | 1935-1975 | Rudel et al., 1996 | ||
Northern Thailand | Mountain | Land degradation, new forestry policy, economic reform, liberalization of the rice market | Since 1990s | Lambin et al., 2010; Tachibana et al., 2001 | ||
Latin America | Mountain | Rapid development of secondary and tertiary industries, rural-urban migration, shrinking numbers of agricultural laborers, large-scale commercial production in agriculture in plain areas, foreign trade development | Since 1980s | Aide et al., 2004 | ||
Puerto Rico | Mountain | Industrialization in the coastal region and aviation industrial development led large numbers of agricultural laborers to migrate to non-agricultural sectors in coastal areas and North America | 1950-1990 | Rudel et al., 2000 | ||
Acud Island in Chile | Hilly | Urbanization and industrialization | 1985-2007 | Díaz et al., 2011 | ||
Western Japan | Mountain | Out-migration of young labor forces, depopulation | 1950s-1990s | Kamada et al., 1997 | ||
Southern Palawan, the Philippines | Mountain | Irrigation technology development increased the multiple cropping index in the coastal plain area, which provided higher incomes, and led to an increase in the cost of agricultural opportunities for mountain farmers | 1990s | Shively et al., 2001 | ||
South of the Himalayas, Nepal | Mountain | Improved transportation; more off-farm job opportunities promoted the out-migration of the rural population and resulted in a shortage of agricultural laborers; an increase in the proportion of off-farm income reduced farmers’ dependence on land Low incomes from marginal land, the decline of soil fertility, and land reform | 1970s-2000 | Khanal et al., 2006 | ||
Dadu River, Sichuan, China | Mountain | Land system reform, more farmers seeking employment in urban areas, marginalization of farmland | 1967-2000 | Yan et al., 2005 | ||
Southern Ningxia province, China | Mountain | Increase in farming opportunity costs, out-migration of agricultural laborers, marginalization of farmland | ~2008 | Tian et al., 2009 | ||
Chongqing, China | Mountain | Increase in farming opportunity costs, out-migration of agricultural laborers | ~2010/2012 | Zhang et al., 2011a; Shao et al., 2015; Yan et al., 2016a | ||
Jiangxi province, China | - | Rising opportunity cost of agricultural production, out-migration of agricultural laborers | 1990-2005 | Xie et al., 2014 | ||
Bijie in Guizhou province, China | Mountain | Low income for agricultural production, poor farm conditions, lack of laborers | ~2012 | Ge et al., 2012 |
Table 2
Determinants of farmland abandonment at different levels"
Levels | Labor attributes | Agricultural production conditions | Socioeconomic situations |
---|---|---|---|
Regional/village scale | No. of agricultural laborers (-) Labor participation (-) Land area per agricultural laborer (+) Percentage of off-farm laborers (+) Percentage of full-time farms/farmers (-) | Mechanization (-) Average elevation (+) Average slope (+) Temperature (~) Precipitation (~) Degree days (~) Fragmentation (+) Parcels per household (+) Agricultural infrastructure (-) Soil quality (-) Average farming distance (+) Average nearest distance from land parcel to road (±) Average nearest distance from land parcel to forest edge (-) Wild animal influence (+) Average yield (-) | Farming opportunity cost (+) Off-farm income (+) Proportion of non-agricultural employment (+) Percentage of non-agricultural GDP (+) Per capita GDP (+) % change of rural labor force and population (+) Urbanization rate (+) Distance to administrative center (±) Road density (+) Land rental rate (-) Agricultural subsidy (-) |
Household/ farm level | No. of agricultural laborers by household (-) Household size (-) Land area per agricultural laborer (+) Average age of agricultural laborer in the household or farm (+) Percentage of elderly agricultural laborers (+) Percentage of male agricultural laborers (-) Age of head of a household or farm (+) Age of farm holder/head of household (+) Dependency ratio (+) Percentage of part-time farmers (+) Education (±) Household type | No. of pieces of agricultural machinery (-) Farm size/No. of parcels (+) Average area per parcel (-) Average farming distance (+) Soil quality (-) Average yield of the household or farm (-) | Per capita income (+) Agricultural income (-) Non-farm income (+) Percentage of non-farm income (+) |
Parcel level | Parcel size (-) Shape index of the parcel (+) Slope (+) Elevation (+) Soil quality (-) Potential productivity (-) Farm distance (+) Distance from land parcel to nearest road (±) Distance from land parcel to forest edge (-) |
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[2] | SHAO Jing’an,ZHANG Shichao,LI Xiubin. Effectiveness of farmland transfer in alleviating farmland abandonment in mountain regions [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(2): 203-218. |
[3] | Jing’an SHAO,Shichao ZHANG,Xiubin LI. Farmland marginalization in the mountainous areas: Characteristics, influencing factors and policy implications [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(6): 701-722. |
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