Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2017, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 1085-1099.doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1423-3
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Fengshan LIU1,2(), Ying CHEN2, Wenjiao SHI1,3, Shuai ZHANG1,3, Fulu Tao1,3,*(
), Quansheng GE1,3,*(
)
Received:
2017-03-05
Accepted:
2017-04-13
Online:
2017-09-10
Published:
2017-09-05
Contact:
Fulu Tao,Quansheng GE
E-mail:liufs.11b@igsnrr.ac.cn;taofl@igsnrr.ac.cn;geqs@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Author: Liu Fengshan, PhD, specialized in agricultural meteorology and regional climate change. E-mail:
Supported by:
Fengshan LIU, Ying CHEN, Wenjiao SHI, Shuai ZHANG, Fulu Tao, Quansheng GE. Influences of agricultural phenology dynamic on land surface biophysical process and climate feedback[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(9): 1085-1099.
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Table 1
Characteristics of phenological change and controlling factors for staple crops around the world"
Country | Crop | Phenology variation | Drivers |
---|---|---|---|
China ( | Winter wheat | Sowing, seedling, and dormant stage delayed by 1.5, 1.7, and 1.5 days/decade, respectively. Spring green up, flowering, and mature stage advanced by 1.1, 2.7, and 1.4 days/decade, respectively. | Increased temperature reduces the growth period, variety renewal with higher GDD extends the reproductive stage, and reduced day length extends the vegetative period. |
China ( | Summer maize | 36.6% of sites with extended mature stage, and 41.1% of sites with extended growth period. Reproductive growth period extended by 2.4-3.7 days/decade. | Increased average temperature shortens the growth period. Variety renewal delays the flowering and mature stages. Advancement of planting date to adapt to increased temperature. |
China ( | Maize | Advanced planting, jointing, and flowering stages. Delayed mature stage. Shortened vegetative period. Prolonged reproductive period. | Global warming speeds up the development of maize and shortens the growth period. Precipitation reduces growth period to a certain extent. Variety renewal extends growth period. |
America ( | Maize | Sowing stage advanced by 4.2 days/decade. Duration from sowing to harvest increased by 5 days/decade. Duration from mature to harvest shorted by 3 days/decade. | GDD increased by 14% in the reproductive stage. Maize variety with longer growth period. Interaction with more irrigation, added fertilizer, and variety renewal. |
America ( | Soybeans | Sowing stage advanced by 4.9 days/decade. Harvest stage advanced by 4.9 days/decade. | Higher temperature in favor of sowing advancement and long duration of maturity. Variety renewal with longer reproductive period. |
Northern and Central Europe ( | Gramineae (wheat, oats, and maize) | Sowing stage advanced by 1-3 weeks. Flowering and mature stages advanced by 1-3 weeks. | Model parameter setting based on 1500 site records: development from sowing to flowering stage depends on temperature and day length for oat and wheat and on temperature for maize and development from flowering to mature stage depends on temperature. |
Spain ( | Cereal crops (oats, wheat, rye, barley, and maize) | Phenology in spring advanced for winter wheat. Flag leaf sheath swelling advanced by 30 days/decade. Flowering stage advanced by 10 days/decade. | Temperature prior to certain phenology was the main factor. Human intervention mitigates the impact of phenology change on yield. |
Germany ( | Maize | Sowing, seedling, and initial harvest stages advanced by 1.7, 3.3, and 1.3 days/decade, respectively. Duration from sowing to seedling reduced by 1.6 days/decade. Duration from seedling to harvest increased by 2.1 days/decade. | Increased spring temperatures make sowing in advance possible. Strong warming in May accelerates plant growth and imposes serious effects on the seedling stage. |
Kazakhstan ( | Wheat | NDVI peak 4-7 days in advance. | Increased GDD. Collapse of the Soviet Union. |
Table 2
Contribution of land surface and crop model coupling to understanding surface energy and water balance"
Modela | Crop type | Result | Reason | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agro-IBIS Dynamic crop growth model( | Maize and soybean in America | Agricultural phenology dynamic changed the surface heat and water balance; Earlier planting increased latent heat in June, reduced maturity-harvest duration, and increased net radiation in October. | Using GDD to express phenology change | |||
BATS CERES3.0 ( | Farmland in China | Canopy interception, transpiration, evaporation, latent and sensible heat fluxes had significantly impacted; Decrease the systematic error of LAI and surface moisture; Increase the simulation accuracy of surface flux. | Addition of the process of crop development and growth | |||
BATS CERES-Maize ( | Maize in America | Latent heat changed by 30%-45%, sensible heat changed by 20%-35% with LAI changed from 5 to 1; The contribution of evaporation and transpiration to latent was influenced by LAI. | Phenophase and organic matter accumulation and allocation process based on physiology | |||
CLASS Carbon and nitrogen model ( | Farmland in Canada | Increase the determination coefficient between simulated and observed data of NEP; More rational distribution process of organic matter. | Addition of the agricultural phenological scheme and management measure | |||
CLM CornSoy ( | Maize and soybean in America | Closely connection between carbon flux and phenology in simulation; Better correlation between simulated and observed data for LAI, energy and CO2 flux. | The expression of emergence-filling stage and filling-harvest stage using GDD; Remove the restriction to maximum LAI. | |||
CLM Agricultural phenology model ( | Maize, soybean and cereals in North America | More real LAI, spring planting, autumn harvest in simulation; Better representation of latent heat in lower LAI period | The seasonal dynamics of agricultural phenology and carbon allocation driven by temperature. | |||
ISAM Dynamic crop growth model ( | Maize-soybean rotation system America | Dynamic growth model improves simulation of seasonal change of LAI, canopy height, root depth, soil moisture absorption and evaporation, fluxes of energy, water and carbon. | The containment of the stress of light, water and nutrient on crop dynamic; Increased simulation accuracy of LAI seasonal dynamic; Better simulation of soil moisture absorption and transpiration. | |||
JULES InfoCrop ( | Farmland in India | Simulation error of evapotranspiration decreased from 7.5-24.4 to 5.4-11.6 mm month-1 in wet season and from 10-17 to 2.2-3.4 mm month-1 in dry season | Addition of the crop growth model | |||
JULES SUCROS ( | Farmland in Europe | Significantly increased correlation between simulated and measured data in farmland; Better expression in the spatial-temporal characteristics of crop growth; The importance of crop structure and phenology to land-air interaction. | Dynamic crop growth; The expression of phenology from planting to harvest. | |||
LPJ DGVMs ( | Global farmland | Better expression in planting date, canopy seasonal dynamic of crop in temperate zone; Farmland expansion decreased transpiration by 5%, and increased evaporation by 40%. | Parameterization of phenology and its connection with LAI. | |||
ORCHIDEE STICS ( | Winter wheat and maize in France and America | Better simulation of evapotranspiration, biomass accumulation process in different climatic zones. | Added simulation of LAI, nutrition stress, and plant height; Improved simulation of organic matter distribution, water stress, and carboxylation. | |||
SiB2 Agricultural phenology model ( | Wheat, soybean, maize in America | Better simulation of the beginning and ending of growth season, harvest, seasonal dynamic of rotation system; Increased LAI and carbon flux. | Phenological scheme and corresponding physiological parameters for specific crop. | |||
SiB2 Agricultural phenology model ( | Winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in North China Plain | Precisely simulation of LAI, carbon flux, latent flux, soil water content and yield | Phenological scheme and corresponding physiological parameters for specific crop. |
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