Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2017, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (7): 771-785.doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1405-5
• Orginal Article • Next Articles
Ziyan YAO1,*(), Lijuan ZHANG1(
), Shihao TANG2, Xiaxiang LI1, Tiantian HAO1
Received:
2016-12-28
Accepted:
2017-01-20
Online:
2017-07-10
Published:
2017-09-13
Contact:
Ziyan YAO
E-mail:282976152@qq.com;zlj19650205@163.com
About author:
Author: Yao Ziyan, Master, specialized in studies of changes in land use and land cover. E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Zhang Lijuan, Professor, E-mail:
Supported by:
Ziyan YAO, Lijuan ZHANG, Shihao TANG, Xiaxiang LI, Tiantian HAO. The basic characteristics and spatial patterns of global cultivated land change since the 1980s[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(7): 771-785.
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Table 2
The characteristics of cultivated land change in different continents since the 1980s"
Year | Asia | Europe | Africa | North America | South America | Oceania | Global | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivated land area (104 km2) | 1982 | 710.016 | 287.521 | 444.869 | 280.407 | 118.850 | 89.331 | 1939.573 |
2011 | 686.247 | 283.486 | 531.629 | 451.261 | 226.740 | 275.823 | 2468.340 | |
Average annual cultivated land area | 749.801 | 267.166 | 494.680 | 333.512 | 167.752 | 158.975 | 2171.886 | |
Cultivate land area change (1982-2011) | -23.769 | -4.035 | 86.760 | 170.854 | 107.89 | 186.492 | 528.767 | |
Tendency rate | 1982-2011 | -5.641* | -0.813 | -0.595 | 7.236** | 2.780* | 3.758* | 6.852 |
1982-1989 | 2.382 | -1.136 | 9.812 | -2.277 | 10.080 | 2.226 | 20.650 | |
1990-1999 | -1.335 | -8.769* | -9.050 | -6.821 | -3.073 | -0.209 | -29.780 | |
2000-2011 | -0.266 | 0.702 | -0.320 | 2.057 | 1.297 | 2.039 | 5.553 |
Table 3
The conversion of global cultivated lands and other types of land use (104 km2)"
Asia | Europe | Africa | North America | South America | Oceania | Global | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land area converted into cultivated lands | 325.826 | 135.203 | 407.844 | 299.867 | 189.500 | 230.331 | 1599.753 |
Land area converted from cultivated lands | 349.725 | 139.325 | 321.317 | 129.452 | 81.599 | 43.089 | 1071.946 |
Table 4
The area matrix of cultivated lands converted from other types of land use in different continents analyzed and the world since the 1980s (km2)"
Area of cultivated lands converted from other types of land use (km2) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | Europe | Africa | North America | South America | Oceania | Global | ||||
Woodland | 587044.033 | 538977.272 | 497117.371 | 1295193.574 | 1049514.128 | 210610.092 | 4183030.965 | |||
Grassland | 1685071.620 | 700578.490 | 2693786.908 | 1527020.934 | 768167.250 | 1168947.585 | 8564519.048 | |||
Construction land | 8745.380 | 3418.037 | 852.623 | 2675.515 | 1455.492 | 125.654 | 17290.898 | |||
Wetland | 53106.836 | 29938.381 | 24623.822 | 27727.065 | 16697.013 | 18878.816 | 231618.103 | |||
Water area | 12878.212 | 4244.370 | 4824.171 | 7055.778 | 3649.667 | 3989.419 | 57099.131 | |||
Unused land | 911410.987 | 74871.195 | 857230.925 | 138995.122 | 55494.096 | 900758.834 | 2943976.114 | |||
Area percentages of cultivated lands converted from other types of land use (%) | ||||||||||
Woodland | 18.017 | 39.864 | 12.189 | 43.192 | 55.384 | 9.144 | 26.148 | |||
Grassland | 51.717 | 51.817 | 66.050 | 50.923 | 40.537 | 50.751 | 53.536 | |||
Construction land | 0.268 | 0.253 | 0.021 | 0.089 | 0.077 | 0.005 | 0.108 | |||
Wetland | 1.630 | 2.214 | 0.604 | 0.925 | 0.881 | 0.820 | 1.448 | |||
Water area | 0.395 | 0.314 | 0.118 | 0.235 | 0.193 | 0.173 | 0.357 | |||
Unused land | 27.972 | 5.538 | 21.019 | 4.635 | 2.928 | 39.107 | 18.403 |
Table 5
The area matrix of cultivated lands converted into other types of land use in different continents analyzed and globally since the 1980s (km2)"
Area of cultivated lands converted into other types of land use (km2) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | Europe | Africa | North America | South America | Oceania | Global | |
Woodland | 1217276.742 | 300777.368 | 1410706.162 | 399259.025 | 341994.955 | 141504.896 | 3859019.347 |
Grassland | 2017539.664 | 1065004.971 | 1647566.868 | 788780.992 | 373549.898 | 258183.988 | 6161722.976 |
Construction land | 15804.035 | 10816.968 | 1370.660 | 4030.622 | 723.119 | 151.457 | 33117.082 |
Wetland | 57448.359 | 6470.664 | 17104.849 | 25935.501 | 41131.877 | 6184.790 | 166437.848 |
Water area | 19388.005 | 2573.700 | 7587.074 | 8548.657 | 15530.140 | 6160.882 | 62663.411 |
Unused land | 169794.097 | 7604.133 | 128833.594 | 67964.712 | 43064.184 | 18703.268 | 436504.043 |
Area percentages of cultivated lands converted into other types of land use (%) | |||||||
Woodland | 34.807 | 21.588 | 43.904 | 30.842 | 41.911 | 32.840 | 36.000 |
Grassland | 57.689 | 76.440 | 51.275 | 60.932 | 45.779 | 59.919 | 57.482 |
Construction land | 0.452 | 0.776 | 0.043 | 0.311 | 0.089 | 0.035 | 0.309 |
Wetland | 1.643 | 0.464 | 0.532 | 2.003 | 5.041 | 1.435 | 1.553 |
Water area | 0.554 | 0.185 | 0.236 | 0.660 | 1.903 | 1.430 | 0.585 |
Unused land | 4.855 | 0.546 | 4.010 | 5.250 | 5.278 | 4.341 | 4.072 |
Table 6
Comparisons between our results and the results of previous studies"
The results of previous studies | Our results | |
---|---|---|
1 | Xie and Cheng (1999) reported that the global cultivated lands showed an increasing trend before 1985 and a decreasing trend between 1985 and 1995. | We found that the global cultivated lands showed a decreasing trend between 1985 and 1995. We further pointed out that the reduction was not significant at a rate of 19.772×104 km2/a. |
2 | Lepers et al. (2005) found that the global cultivated land increased from 1981 to 1990 in all the continents analyzed, and that the main areas that increased were in southeastern Asia, Bangladesh, the Indus River basin, Middle East, Central Asia and the Great Plains of the United States. | The cultivated lands had an increasing trend in Asia and South America from 1982 to 1990, but the cultivated lands had a decreasing trend in other continents. The areas with increased cultivated lands were mainly located in southeastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, and the areas with reduced cultivated lands were primarily distributed in the areas near the equator in Africa, southeastern United States and eastern China (Figure 6). |
3 | Waisanen and Bliss (2002) demonstrated that the cultivated land area in the United States showed an increasing trend from 1982 to 1992. | We found that the cultivated lands in the United States increased from 1982 to 1992, but the increase was not significant. The increased areas were mainly located in central and western regions (Figure 7a). |
4 | Du et al. (2015) indicated that from 1980 to 2005 the cultivated lands of Brazil increased rapidly in all regions except the northern tropical rain forest area. | The cultivated lands of Brazil presented an increasing trend from 1980 to 2005, this was mainly due to converted grasslands and woodlands (Figure 7b). |
5 | Dewan and Yamaguchi (2009) reported that from 1960 to 2005 the cultivated lands in Bangladesh continuously declined and that it was due to conversion into woodlands and construction lands. | Between 1982 and 2005 the cultivated lands in Bangladesh showed a rapid decrease that was mainly due to conversion into grasslands and woodlands (Figure 7c). |
6 | Abbas (2009) determined that from 1975 to 2005 the cultivated land in Nigeria expanded towards the southern forest area, while the original cultivated land area reduced. | The cultivated lands in Nigeria expanded by 214197.544 km2 towards the southern forest area, while the original cultivated lands reduced by 187354.798 km2 from 1982 to 2005 (Figure 7d). |
7 | Müller and Sikor (2006) found that many cultivated lands were abandoned in southeastern Albania from 1988 to 2003. | The cultivated land area in Albania significantly reduced from 1988 to 2003; the decrease was mainly due to a conversion into grasslands. |
8 | Ramankutty and Foley (1998) reported that the global cultivated land area was 1800×104 km2; the land was concentrated in Asia and Europe, followed by North America and Africa in the 1990s. | We calculated the global cultivated land area as 1845.761×104 km2. The lands were mainly located in southern Europe, northeastern Mongolia, eastern China, the area near the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basin in the United States, sub-Saharan Africa, Republic of the Congo, and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa. |
9 | Ramankutty and Foley (1999) determined that the cultivated land area showed an increasing trend from 1700 to 1992. After 1700, the fastest expansion of cultivated lands occurred in Europe, followed by North America and South America. | We analyzed the spatial change of global cultivated lands from 1982 to 2011, which was very recent and covered a short time span. Moreover, we found that the most rapid cultivated land expansion occurred in Oceania. |
10 | Goldewijk et al. (2011) examined the data of global cultivated lands from 1700 to 1990, and concluded that the global cultivated land area increased by 5.5-fold during the past three centuries. | We analyzed the spatial change of global cultivated lands from 1982 to 2011, and concluded that the global cultivated land area increased by 1.273-fold during the past 30 years. |
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