Evolution and geographic effects of high-speed rail in East Asia: An accessibility approach

doi:10.1007/s11442-017-1390-8

Abstract

Abstract:

The rapid development of high-speed rail (HSR) is influencing regional development, regional structure, commuting, and regional integration. East Asia is the region with the world’s first and largest current operating and planned HSR network. In this paper, we examine the evolutionary mechanism and impacts on the transport circle and accessibility of HSR in East Asia. The results indicate that the HSR network first follows a “core-core” model and then forms a corridor in Japan, South Korea, and China Taiwan, but then forms a complete network in China Mainland. The current operating HSR lines are mostly distributed in regions with developed economies and dense populations, and more than half of the population and GDP in China can be served by HSR within 1 hour’s travel time. The planned HSR network will expand to the western region of China and Japan and the southern region of South Korea. The development of the current operating and planned HSR network considerably enlarges the transport circle of core cities, especially cities along trunk HSR lines. This 1 h transport circle of core cities has formed continuous regions in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Tokyo, Seoul, and along trunk HSR lines. The HSR network will bring about substantial improvement in accessiblity, but also increase the inequality of nodal accessibility in China Mainland. Spatially, the spatial patterns of the weighted shortest travel time of cities in China Mainland, Japan, and South Korea all present the “core-peripheral structure”, taking Zhengzhou, Tokyo, and Seoul, respectively, as core cities, and cities located along the trunk HSR lines gain large improvement in accessibility.

Key words: high-speed rail, East Asia, evolutionary mechanism, geographic effects, accessibility

Fengjun JIN, Fengjun JIN, Yuanjing QI, Yu YANG. Evolution and geographic effects of high-speed rail in East Asia: An accessibility approach[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(5): 515-532.

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Travel time		East Asia		China		Japan		South Korea
Travel time		Number	Percentage (%)	Number	Percentage (%)	Number	Percentage (%)	Number	Percent- age (%)
1 h of operating HSR stations	Area (10⁴ km²)	135.8	13.6	111.3	11.7	19.8	53.0	5	47.0
	No. of cities	214	51.0	174	48.7	31	66.0	9	56.3
	Population (million persons)	967.7	63.0	829.4	61.0	101.6	79.0	36.6	74.0
	GDP (billion dollar)	12,066	75.2	6523	72.9	4685	79.3	858	71.9
2 h of operating HSR stations	Area (10⁴ km²)	257	25.9	224	23.6	26	69.1	8.1	80.7
	No. of cities	281	66.9	229	64.2	38	80.9	14	87.5
	Population (million persons)	1204.4	78.3	1047.4	77.0	110.5	86.3	46.5	93.4
	GDP (billion dollar)	13,901.8	86.6	7687.1	85.9	5097.8	86.3	1116.9	93.6
1 h of operating and planned HSR stations	Area (10⁴ km²)	247	24.8	219	23.1	23	61.2	5	47.0
	No. of cities	307	73.1	265	74.2	33	70.2	9	56.3
	Population (million persons)	1298.7	84.4	1158.3	85.1	103.9	81.1	36.6	73.6
	GDP (billion dollar)	13,447.8	83.8	7782.7	87.0	4789.3	81.1	875.8	73.6
2 h of operating and planned HSR stations	Area (10⁴ km²)	424	42.6	3867	40.7	30	79.2	8.1	80.8
	No. of cities	357	85.0	303	84.9	40	85.1	14	87.5
	Population (million persons)	1431.9	93.1	1268.2	93.2	117.2	91.5	46.5	93.4
	GDP (billion dollar)	15,044.5	93.7	8525.3	95.3	5405.7	91.5	1113.5	93.3

Population (10⁴ persons)			<50	50-100	100-300	300-1000	>1000
Current HSR stations		No. of cities	19.61	50.74	63.33	96.30	100
	1 h	Population	29.06	53.80	63.44	97.52	100
		GDP	53.75	57.10	82.45	96.79	100
		No. of cities	35.29	67.65	81.33	96.30	100
	2 h	Population	49.49	71.25	82.70	97.52	100
		GDP	78.65	80.55	90.99	96.79	100
Planned HSR stations		No. of cities	47.06	73.53	86.00	96.30	100
	1 h	Population	62.65	80.62	88.64	97.52	100
		GDP	65.88	72.43	90.02	96.79	100
		No. of cities	63.73	86.76	96.00	96.30	100
	2 h	Population	77.99	91.36	97.04	97.52	100
		GDP	90.15	91.90	95.36	96.79	100

Indicators	Regions	Mean (10⁴ persons (DA) or hours (WATT))				Change (%)			Coefficient of variation
Indicators	Regions	Without HSR network	Current HSR network		Planned HSR network	Without/ current HSR network	Current/ planned HSR network	Without/ planned HSR network	Without HSR network	Current HSR network	Planned HSR network
Daily accessibility	China Mainland	3,364		5,200	6,684	54.59	28.52	98.68	0.800	0.910	0.810
	China Taiwan	1,065		1,481	1,481	39.03	0.00	39.03	0.451	0.447	0.447
	Japan	1,865		3,051	3,595	63.6	17.82	92.76	0.830	0.674	0.673
	South Korea	1,678		2,772	3,295	65.2	18.86	96.35	0.598	0.531	0.429
Weighted shortest travel time	China Mainland	16.19		11.28	9.39	-30.31	-16.78	-42.00	0.410	0.570	0.520
	China Taiwan	1.92		1.45	1.45	-24.78	0.00	-24.78	0.270	0.380	0.380
	Japan	7.57		4.35	3.81	-42.48	-12.50	-49.67	0.361	0.360	0.340
	South Korea	1.99		1.59	1.52	-20.28	-4.51	-23.88	0.200	0.240	0.220