Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2017, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (2): 161-182.doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1370-z
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Qingling SUN1,2(), Baolin LI1,2,3(
), Chenghu ZHOU1,2,3, Fei LI4, Zhijun ZHANG4, Lingling DING4, Tao ZHANG1,2, Lili XU1,2
Received:
2016-06-24
Accepted:
2016-07-26
Online:
2017-04-10
Published:
2017-04-10
About author:
Author: Sun Qingling (1991-), PhD Candidate, specialized in ecological modelling. E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Li Baolin (1970-), PhD and Professor, specialized in environmental remote sensing and regional ecological modelling. E-mail:
Supported by:
Qingling SUN, Baolin LI, Chenghu ZHOU, Fei LI, Zhijun ZHANG, Lingling DING, Tao ZHANG, Lili XU. A systematic review of research studies on the estimation of net primary productivity in the Three-River Headwater Region, China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(2): 161-182.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
Estimated mean NPP of the TRHR in different studies"
Study area | Vegetation type | Method & Model | Study period | Mean NPP (g C·m-2 ·yr-1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRHR | Grassland | Climate model (Thornthwaite Memorial) | 2002-2010 | 481.44 | Li and Zhang, 2014 |
TRHR | Grassland | Climate model (Production potential model) | 1971-2003 | 225.00 | Li, 2010 |
TRHR | Grassland | Climate model (Miami) | 2005-2006 | 211.92 | Wang, 2013 |
TRHR | Grassland | Climate model (CIM) | 2005-2006 | 214.75 | Wang, 2013 |
TRHR | Grassland | Remote sensing model (CASA) | 2005-2006 | 61.42 | Wang, 2013 |
TRHR | Grassland | RS-process coupled model (MOD17A3) | 2005-2006 | 93.98 | Wang, 2013 |
TRHR | Grassland | RS-process coupled model (MOD17A3) | 2000-2010 | 86.80 | Zhang et al., 2015a |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Climate model (Thornthwaite Memorial) | 1960-2011 | 570.35 | Guo et al., 2013 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Climate model (Miami) | 2004-2008 | 486.90 | Cai et al., 2013 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Climate model (Zhou Guangsheng) | 2004-2008 | 302.45 | Cai et al., 2013 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Climate model (CASA) | 2001-2010 | 169.02 | Zhang et al., 2014 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Climate model (CASA) | 2004-2008 | 168.68 | Cai et al., 2013 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Remote sensing model (CASA) | 2010 | 146.66 | Wo et al., 2014 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Remote sensing model (CASA) | 2003, 2008, 2013 | 148.82 | Chen, 2015 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | Remote sensing model (GLOPEM) | 1988-2004 | 194.85 | Shao and Fan, 2012 |
TRHR | All the vegetation | RS-process coupled model (GLOPEM-CEVSA) | 1988-2004 | 143.17 | Wang et al., 2009 |
Table 2
Estimated mean NPP of different vegetation types in the TRHR"
Vegetation type | Mean NPP (g C·m-2 ·yr-1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shao and Fan, 2012 | Cai et al., 2013 | Wo et al., 2014 | Wang et al., 2009 | Guo et al., 2006 | |
Grassland | 218.74 | / | 162.87 | 160.90 | / |
Alpine steppe | / | 129.41 | / | / | 79.34 |
Alpine meadow | / | 188.95 | / | / | 89.38 |
Forest | 405.20 | / | 279.81 | 267.90 | / |
Shrub | 156.04 | / | / | / | / |
Farmland | 289.22 | / | 256.28 | 222.94 | / |
Desert | 21.48 | / | 62.81 | 36.13 | / |
Marsh | 127.09 | / | / | 161.36 | / |
Table 3
Measured grassland NPP at different sites in the TRHR"
Site | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude | Vegetation type | Year | Measured NPP(g C· m-2·yr-1) | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhenqin | N33°24′30′′ | E97°18′00′′ | 4250 m | Alpine meadow | 2010- 2011 | 118.41 | Fan, 2003 |
Wudaoliang | N35°12′56′′ | E93°04′05′′ | 4626 m | Alpine steppe | 2000 | 53.55 | Luo et al., 2004 |
Tuotuohe | N34°18′51′′ | E92°32′52′′ | 4582 m | Alpine steppe | 2000 | 69.30 | Luo et al., 2004 |
Dawu | N34°23′24′′ | E100°16′33′′ | 3980 m | Alpine meadow | 2014 | 139.07 | Field measurement |
Maduo | N34°54′40′′ | E98°11′13′′ | 4207 m | Alpine steppe | 2015 | 113.23 | Field measurement |
Table 4
Root to shoot (R/S) ratios of primary grassland types in the TRHR"
Alpine meadow | Alpine steppe | Temperate steppe | Marsh | Reference | Acquisition mode |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.15 | / | / | / | Fan, 2003 | Field measurement |
6.8 | 5.2 | / | / | Yang et al., 2009 | Field measurement |
7.92 | 4.42 | 4.32 | / | Luo et al., 2002 | Field measurement |
7.92 | 4.25 | 4.25 | 15.68 | Piao et al., 2004 | Literature review |
9.19 | 9.49 | 9.19 | / | Wang et al., 2008 | Literature review |
6.5 | 6.2 | 6.4 | / | Ma et al., 2014 | Literature review |
[1] | Cai Y L, Zheng Y F, Wang Y L,et al.., 2013. Analysis of terrestrial net primary productivity by improved CASA model in Three-River Headwaters Region.Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 5(1): 34-42. (in Chinese) |
[2] | Chang T J, 2008. The distribution pattern of carbon reserve in Northern Tibet alpine grassland ecosystem [D]. Linzhi: Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College of Tibet University. (in Chinese) |
[3] |
Chapin III F S, Matson P A, Mooney H A, 2002. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. New York: Springer, 127-128.
doi: 10.1007/b97397 |
[4] | Chen J F, Liu C, Xu J B, 2011. Research on the remote sensing monitoring of grass productivity based on TM-NDVI.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 39(12): 7365-7366. (in Chinese) |
[5] | Chen L J, 2015. The study on the temporal and spatial variation of NPP and its driving factors in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve [D]. Taigu: Shanxi Agricultural University. (in Chinese) |
[6] | Cramer W, Field C B, 1999. Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): Introduction. Global Change Biology, 5(S1): iii-iv. |
[7] |
Cramer W, Kicklighter D W, Bondeau A,et al.., 1999. Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): Overview and key results.Global Change Biology, 5(S1): 1-15.
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00006.x |
[8] | Du Y E, Liu B K, Guo Z G, 2011. Changes of forage biomass of grasslands during the growing season in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau based on MODIS data.Pratacultural Science, 28(6): 1117-1123. (in Chinese) |
[9] |
Fan J W, Shao Q Q, Liu J Y,et al.., 2010a. Dynamic changes of grassland yield in Three River Headwater Region from 1988 to 2005.Acta Agrestia Sinica, 18(1): 5-10. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1080/00949651003724790 |
[10] |
Fan J W, Shao Q Q, Liu J Y,et al.., 2010b. Assessment of effects of climate change and grazing activity on grassland yield in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 170(1): 571-584.
doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1258-1 pmid: 20041346 |
[11] | Fan Y J, 2003. Effects of fencing and grazing on plant morphology, community characteristics and carbon balance of Kobresia pygmaea meadow in the Three Headwater Regions [D]. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University. (in Chinese) |
[12] | Fang J Y, Tang Y H, Lin J D et al., 2000. Global Ecology: Climate Change and Ecological Responses. Beijing: Higher Education Press; Heidelberg: Springer Press, 191. (in Chinese) |
[13] | Feng X F, Liu G H, Chen S P,et al.., 2004. Study on process model of net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems.Journal of Natural Resources, 19(3): 369-378. (in Chinese) |
[14] | Feng X F, Sun Q L, Lin B, 2014. NPP process models applied in regional and global scales and responses of NPP to the global change.Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 23(3): 496-503. (in Chinese) |
[15] |
Gao T, Xu B, Yang X C,et al.., 2012. Review of researches on biomass carbon stock in grassland ecosystem of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Progress in Geography, 31(12): 1724-1731. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2012.12.019 |
[16] |
Gill R A, Kelly R H, Parton W J,et al.., 2002. Using simple environmental variables to estimate belowground productivity in grasslands. Global Ecology & Biogeography, 11(1): 79-86.
doi: 10.1046/j.1466-822X.2001.00267.x |
[17] | Guo L Y, Wu R, Wang Q C,et al.., 2008. Influence of climate change on grassland productivity in Xinghai County in the source regions of Yangtze River.Chinese Journal of Grassland, 30(2): 5-10. (in Chinese) |
[18] | Guo P P, Yang D, Wang H,et al.., 2013. Climate change and its effects on climatic productivity in the Three-River Headwaters Region in 1960-2011.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 32(10): 2806-2814. (in Chinese) |
[19] |
Guo X Y, He Y, Shen Y P,et al.., 2006. Analysis of the terrestrial NPP based on the MODIS in the source regions of Yangtze and Yellow rivers from 2000 to 2004.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 28(4): 512-518. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1007/s11442-006-0415-5 |
[20] | Han B, 2015. Modeling aboveground biomass of alpine grassland in the Three-River Headwaters Region based on remote sensing data [D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science & Technology. (in Chinese) |
[21] |
Hidy D, Barcza Z, Haszpra L,et al.., 2012. Development of the Biome-BGC model for simulation of managed herbaceous ecosystems.Ecological Modelling, 226: 99-119.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.11.008 |
[22] |
Jolly W M, Nemani R R, Running S W,et al.., 2005. A generalized, bioclimatic index to predict foliar phenology in response to climate.Global Change Biology, 11: 619-632.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00930.x |
[23] | Kumar M, Monteith J L, 1981. Remote sensing of crop growth. In: Plants and the Daylight Spectrum. London: Academic Press, 133-144. |
[24] | Li H M, 2010. Assessment of climate productivity of natural grassland in the Three Rivers Source Regions in Qinghai.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 38(12): 6414-6416, 6460. (in Chinese) |
[25] | Li H M, Zhang A L, 2014. Response of grassland climate productivity to climate change in Sanjiangyuan Regions.Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 1: 124-130. (in Chinese) |
[26] |
Li L, Zhu X D, Zhou L S,et al.., 2004. Climatic changes over headwater of the Three-River-Area and its effect on ecological environment.Meteorological Monthly, 30(8): 18-21. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1117/12.528072 |
[27] | Lieth H, 1973. Primary production: Terrestrial ecosystem.Human Ecology, 1(4): 303-332. |
[28] | Lieth H, Whittaker R H, 1975. Primary Production of the Biosphere. New York: Springer-Verlag Press, 1-10. |
[29] |
Lin H L, 2009. A new model of grassland net primary productivity (NPP) based on the integrated orderly classification system of grassland. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery: 52-56.
doi: 10.1109/FSKD.2009.705 |
[30] |
Liu J, Chen J M, Cihlar J,et al.., 1997. A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs.Remote Sensing of Environment, 62(2): 158-175.
doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00089-8 |
[31] | Liu X F, Ren Z Y, Lin Z H,et al.., 2013. The spatial-temporal changes of vegetation coverage in the Three-River Headwater Region in recent 12 years.Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(7): 897-908. (in Chinese) |
[32] |
Luo T X, Li W H, Zhu H Z, 2002. Estimated biomass and productivity of natural vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau.Ecological Applications, 12(4): 980-997.
doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0980:EBAPON]2.0.CO;2 |
[33] |
Luo T X, Pan Y, Ouyang H,et al.., 2004. Leaf area index and net primary productivity along subtropical to alpine gradients in the Tibetan Plateau.Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13(4): 345-358.
doi: 10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00094.x |
[34] | Ma A N, Yu G R, He N P,et al.., 2014. Above- and below-ground biomass relationships in China’s grassland vegetation.Quaternary Sciences, 34(4): 769-776. (in Chinese) |
[35] | Ma X L, 2008. The monitoring of rangeland resources productivity of Qinghai Province based on 3S technologies [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese) |
[36] |
Monteith J L, 1972. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems.Journal of Applied Ecology, 9: 747-766.
doi: 10.2307/2401901 |
[37] |
Piao S L, Fang J Y, He J S,et al.., 2004. Spatial distribution of grassland biomass in China.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 28(4): 491-498. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.17521/cjpe.2004.0067 |
[38] |
Piao S, Tan K, Nan H,et al.., 2012. Impacts of climate and CO2 changes on the vegetation growth and carbon balance of Qinghai-Tibetan grasslands over the past five decades.Global and Planetary Change, 98/99: 73-80.
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.08.009 |
[39] |
Potter C S, Randerson J T, Field C B,et al.., 1993. Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data.Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7: 811-841.
doi: 10.1029/93GB02725 |
[40] |
Qi W W, Niu H S, Wang S P,et al.., 2012. Simulation of effects of warming on carbon budget in alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32(6): 1713-1722. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.5846/stxb201102250215 |
[41] | Qin D H, 2014. Ecological protection and sustainable development in the Three-River Headwater Region. Beijing: Science Press, 1-5. (in Chinese) |
[42] | Ruimy A, Saugier B, Dedieu G, 1994. Methodology for the estimation of terrestrial net primary production from remotely sensed data.Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012), 99(D3): 5263-5283. |
[43] |
Running S W, 2012. A measurable planetary boundary for the biosphere.Science, 337(6101): 1458-1459.
doi: 10.1126/science.1227620 pmid: 22997311 |
[44] | Running S W, Thornton P E, Nemani R et al., 2000. Global terrestrial gross and net primary productivity from the earth observing system. In: Sala O, Jackson R, Mooney H. Methods in Ecosystem Science. New York: Springer Verlag, 44-57. |
[45] | Running S W, Zhao M S, 2015. Daily GPP and annual NPP (MOD17A2/A3) Products User’s Guide (version 3.0). Missoula, USA: The University of Montana. |
[46] |
Sellers P J, Tucker C J, Collatz G J, 1996. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs Part II: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data.Journal of Climate, 9(4): 706-737.
doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)0092.0.CO;2 |
[47] | Shao Q Q, Fan J W, 2012. Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation of Ecosystems in the Three-River Headwater Region. Beijing: Science Press, 15-29, 167-172, 479. (in Chinese) |
[48] |
Shao Q Q, Zhao Z P, Liu J Y,et al.., 2010. The characteristics of land cover and macroscopical ecology changes in the source region of three rivers on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during last 30 years.Geographical Research, 29(8): 1439-1451. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2010.5651314 |
[49] | Song F L, 2013. Challenges for the Three-River Headwater Region. The Economic Observer, 2013-1-14. (in Chinese) |
[50] |
Sun Q L, Feng X F, Liu M X,et al.., 2015. Estimation and analysis of net primary productivity in Wuling mountainous area based on remote sensing.Journal of Natural Resources, 30(10): 1628-1640. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.018 |
[51] | Tang H Y, Xiao F J, Zhang Q,et al.., 2006. Vegetation change and its response to climate change in Three-River Source Region.Advances in Climate Change Research, 2(4): 177-180. (in Chinese) |
[52] | Tian D X, Zeng X D, 2015. Research progress in dynamic vegetation model phenology schemes.Climatic and Environmental Research, 20(6): 726-734. |
[53] |
Tian H Q, Liu M L, Zhang C,et al.., 2010. The dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) for simulating terrestrial processes and interactions in the context of multifactor global change.Acta Geographica Sinica, 65(9): 1027-1047. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1142.2010.40466 |
[54] | Wang C, 2013. Study on simulation methods of alpine grassland net primary productivity in Three Rivers Source Region of Tibetan Plateau, China [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese) |
[55] | Wang J B, Liu J Y, Shao Q Q,et al.., 2009. Spatial-temporal patterns of net primary productivity for 1988-2004 based on GLOPEM-CEVSA model in the “Three-River Headwaters” region of Qinghai Province, China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 33(2): 254-269. (in Chinese) |
[56] | Wang W, Peng S S, Fang J Y, 2008. Biomass distribution of natural grasslands and its response to climate change in North China.Arid Zone Research, 25(1): 91-97. (in Chinese) |
[57] |
Wei Y X, Wang L W, 2010. The study on simulating light use efficiency of vegetation in Qinghai Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30(19): 5209-5216. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5813(11)60001-7 |
[58] | White M A, Thornton P E, Running S W,et al.., 2000. Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of the Biome-BGC terrestrial ecosystem model: Net primary production controls.Earth Interactions, 4(3): 1-85. |
[59] | Wo X, Wu L C, Zhang J P,et al.., 2014. Estimation of net primary production in the Three-River Headwater Region using CASA model.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 28(9): 45-50. (in Chinese) |
[60] | Wu H, An R, Li X X,et al.., 2011a. Remote sensing monitoring of grassland degradation based on NPP change in the Maduo County of the sources region of Yellow River.Pratacultural Science, 28(4): 536-542. (in Chinese) |
[61] |
Wu Y, Wu J, Deng Y,et al.., 2011b. Comprehensive assessments of root biomass and production in a Kobresia humilis meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Plant Soil, 338: 497-510.
doi: 10.1007/s11104-010-0562-4 |
[62] |
Wu Y B, Che R X, Ma S,et al.., 2014. Estimation of root production and turnover in an alpine meadow: Comparison of three measurement methods.Acta Ecologica Sinica, 34(13): 3529-3537. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.5846/stxb201307031831 |
[63] |
Xiao T, Liu J Y, Shao Q Q, 2009. A simulation on changes in vegetation productivity in “Three River Sources” nature reserve, Qinghai province over past 20 years.Journal of Geo-information Science, 11(5): 557-565. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2009.00557 |
[64] | Xu H H, 2010. Effects of different grazing systems on carbon balance in Stipa breviflora desert steppe [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. (in Chinese) |
[65] |
Yan L, Zhou G S, Wang Y H,et al.., 2015. The spatial and temporal dynamics of carbon budget in the alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model.Journal of Cleaner Production, 107(16): 195-201.
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.140 |
[66] |
Yang Y H, Fang J Y, Ji C J,et al.., 2009. Above- and belowground biomass allocation in Tibetan grasslands.Journal of Vegetation Science, 20(1): 177-184.
doi: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05566.x |
[67] |
Yang Y H, Piao S L, 2006. Variations in grassland vegetation cover in relation to climatic factors on the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Plant Ecology, 30(1): 1-8. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.17521/cjpe.2006.0001 |
[68] | Ye J S, 2010. Response of vegetation net primary productivity to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University. (in Chinese) |
[69] |
Zhang G L, Zhang Y J, Dong J W,et al.., 2013. Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011.PNAS, 110(11): 4309-4314.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210423110 pmid: 23440201 |
[70] | Zhang J P, Liu C L, Hao H G,et al.., 2015a. Spatial-temporal change of carbon storage and carbon sink of grassland ecosystem in the Three-River Headwaters Region based on MODIS GPP/NPP data.Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 24(1): 8-13. (in Chinese) |
[71] | Zhang M L, Jiang W L, Chen Q G,et al.., 2011. Research progress in the estimation models of grassland net primary productivity.Acta Agrestia Sinica, 19(2): 356-366. (in Chinese) |
[72] | Zhang Q Y, Li P, Zong Y Z,et al.., 2015b. Research and application of CENTURY model in different ecological systems.Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 43(11): 1563-1566. (in Chinese) |
[73] | Zhang X, 1992. Estimation and distribution of net primary productivity of natural vegetation in China.Natural Resources, 1: 15-21. (in Chinese) |
[74] | Zhang Y, Chen H Y, Li J L, 2014. Quantitative estimation for net primary productivity of Three-Rivers Source Ecosystem in Recently 10 years.Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 20(10): 25-28. (in Chinese) |
[75] |
Zhang Y Q, Tang Y H, Jiang J,et al.., 2007. Characterizing the dynamics of soil organic carbon in grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Science in China Series D (Earth Sciences), 50(1): 113-120.
doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-2032-2 |
[76] | Zhao X Q, 2009. Alpine Meadow Ecosystem and Global Change. Beijing: Science Press, 169, 219-221. (in Chinese) |
[77] | Zheng L Y, 2006. Study on dynamic change of NPP and grassland change in Northern Tibet based on remote sensing and biological processes model BEPS [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. (in Chinese) |
[78] | Zheng W J, Bao W K, Gu B,et al.., 2007. Carbon concentration and its characteristics in terrestrial higher plants.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 26(3): 307-313. |
[79] |
Zhou C P, Ouyang H, Wang Q X,et al.., 2004. Estimation of net primary productivity in Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geographica Sinica, 59(1): 74-79. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1007/BF02873097 |
[80] | Zhou G S, Wang Y H, 2003. Global Ecology. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 82-102. (in Chinese) |
[81] | Zhou G S, Zhang X S, 1995. A natural vegetation NPP model.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 19(3): 193-200. (in Chinese) |
[82] | Zhou X M, 2001. Chinese Kobresia Meadow. Beijing: Science Press, 132-133, 146-195. (in Chinese) |
[83] |
Zhu W Q, Pan Y Z, He H,et al.., 2006. Simulation of maximum light use efficiency of typical vegetation in China.Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(6): 700-706. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1007/s11434-006-0457-1 |
[84] | Zhuang Q, He J, Lu Y,et al.., 2010. Carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau during the 20th century: An analysis with a process-based biogeochemical model.Global Ecology and Biogeography, 19(5): 649-662. |
[1] | Dehua MAO, Ling LUO, Zongming WANG, Chunhua ZHANG, Chunying REN. Variations in net primary productivity and its relationships with warming climate in the permafrost zone of the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(8): 967-977. |
|