Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2017, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (1): 23-42.doi: 10.1007/s11442-017-1362-z
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Xiaoju NING1,2(), Gangjun LIU3, Lijun ZHANG1, Xiaoyang QIN4, Shenghui ZHOU1, Yaochen QIN1,2,*(
)
Received:
2016-07-06
Accepted:
2016-08-30
Online:
2017-02-10
Published:
2017-02-10
Contact:
Yaochen QIN
E-mail:nxj0655@163.com;qinyc@henu.edu.cn
About author:
Author: Ning Xiaoju (1987-), specialized in sustainable development. E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Qin Yaochen (1959-), Professor, specialized in a regional model on sustainable development and geographic information science. E-mail:
Supported by:
Xiaoju NING, Gangjun LIU, Lijun ZHANG, Xiaoyang QIN, Shenghui ZHOU, Yaochen QIN. The spatio-temporal variations of frost-free period in China from 1951 to 2012[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(1): 23-42.
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Figure 1
The 9 agricultural regions and 824 national-level meteorological stations used in the study Notes: I. Station types: 1. The station with records only in certain seasons; 2. The 67 stations with missing records for some years; 3. The 97 stations recorded frost-free period longer than 360 days; 4. The 659 stations with records of frost periods that are usable for the Mann-Kendall test. II. Agricultural regions:Gansu-Xinjiang (GX) region, Inner Mongolia and Great Wall Corridor (IMGWC) region, Northeast (NE) region, Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) region, Loess Plateau (LP) region, Southwest (SW) region, South China (SC) region, Mid-and-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) region, Qinghai-Tibet (QT) region. III. The northern agricultural regions include IMGWC, NE, HHH, and LP regions; while the southern agricultural regions include SW, SC, and MLRYR."
Table 1
Regional averages for FFD, LFD and FFP determined for the 9 agricultural regions in China"
Region-ID (m) | Region code | μFFDm (date) | μLFDm (date) | μFFPm (days) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | QT | 18 September | 27 May | 116 |
2 | NE | 3 October | 3 May | 154 |
3 | IMGWC | 1 October | 2 May | 152 |
4 | GX | 9 October | 19 April | 173 |
5 | LP | 22 October | 13 April | 192 |
6 | HHH | 10 November | 26 March | 229 |
7 | MLRYR | Uncertain | Uncertain | 295 |
8 | SW | Uncertain | Uncertain | 300 |
9 | SC | Uncertain | Uncertain | 363 |
Table 2
Distribution of area percentage associated with different linear trend gradients bt for FFD, LFD and FFP, as shown in Figures 6-8"
FFD | LFD | FFP | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bt>0 | 0<bt <0.25 | 0.25< bt<0.5 | bt> 0.5 | bt> -0.5 | -0.5<bt <-0.25 | -0.2< bt<0 | bt>0 | bt>0 | 0<bt< 0.25 | 0.25< bt<0.5 | bt> 0.5 | |
b3 | 13.04 | 78.22 | 7.02 | 1.72 | 0.41 | 33.69 | 56.42 | 9.49 | 0.40 | 11.03 | 75.64 | 12.92 |
b5 | 13.04 | 79.79 | 5.14 | 2.03 | 0.47 | 29.03 | 57.55 | 12.94 | 0.59 | 16.13 | 62.94 | 19.33 |
b7 | 11.69 | 70.43 | 14.55 | 3.33 | 0.44 | 30.02 | 54.90 | 14.64 | 0.21 | 18.58 | 59.93 | 19.27 |
b9 | 13.12 | 71.29 | 12.73 | 2.86 | 0.25 | 26.70 | 57.84 | 15.21 | 0.17 | 19.16 | 60.83 | 17.84 |
Table 3
Distribution of area percentage in different agricultural regions associated with linear trend gradients b7 for FFD, LFD and FFP, as shown in Figures 6c, 7c and 8c"
Agricultural region | FFD area percentage (%) | LFD area percentage (%) | FFP area percentage (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID (m) | Code | b7>0 | 0<b7< 0.25 | 0.25<b7 <0.5 | b7> 0.5 | b7> -0.5 | -0.5<b7 <-0.25 | -0.25< b7<0 | b7>0 | b7>0 | 0<b7 <0.25 | 0.25<b7 <0.5 | b7> 0.5 |
1 | QT | 4.13 | 90.72 | 5.15 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 55.5 | 43.42 | 1.08 | 4.89 | 45.25 | 43.47 | 6.39 |
2 | NE | 6.32 | 93.33 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 24.26 | 75.74 | 0.00 | 2.38 | 25.15 | 72.01 | 0.46 |
3 | IMGWC | 2.11 | 81.73 | 16.10 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 31.65 | 68.35 | 0.00 | 6.06 | 21.13 | 60.28 | 12.53 |
4 | GX | 1.08 | 91.99 | 6.93 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 20.71 | 71.26 | 6.93 | 0.00 | 4.87 | 75.63 | 19.50 |
5 | LP | 3.64 | 67.25 | 28.74 | 0.37 | 3.70 | 27.24 | 69.06 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 8.91 | 44.12 | 46.72 |
6 | HHH | 0.70 | 97.08 | 2.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 73.38 | 26.62 | 0.00 | 0.21 | 6.18 | 86.10 | 7.51 |
7 | MLRYR | 37.63 | 29.01 | 14.88 | 18.48 | 0.00 | 9.24 | 43.55 | 47.21 | 1.04 | 33.01 | 54.96 | 10.99 |
8 | SW | 48.01 | 31.89 | 9.20 | 10.90 | 0.00 | 0.38 | 31.38 | 68.24 | 0.38 | 19.28 | 66.97 | 13.37 |
China | 11.69 | 70.43 | 14.55 | 3.33 | 0.44 | 30.02 | 54.90 | 14.64 | 2.21 | 18.58 | 59.93 | 19.28 |
Figure 9
Spatial distribution of stations by types (a) and spatial distribution of type 1 stations by specified time periods (b). For type 1 stations, the UFk and UBk curves have only one intersect point within the confidence region (ua=0.05=±1.96) (c Station ID: 56182). Type 2 stations also have only one intersect point but outside the confidence region (d Station ID: 53463). Type 3 stations have more than one intersect points (e Station ID: 50936)."
Table 4
Region-based statistical summary (counts and percentages) of stations by types and by time periods"
Agricultural region | Station (count) | Type 1 station (count) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID (k) | Code | Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Sum | 1951-1970 | 1971-1980 | 1981-1990 | 1991-2012 |
1 | QT | 35 | 6 | 30 | 71 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 27 |
2 | NE | 51 | 5 | 34 | 90 | 4 | 5 | 17 | 25 |
3 | IMGWC | 33 | 4 | 20 | 57 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 14 |
4 | GX | 45 | 3 | 39 | 87 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 28 |
5 | LP | 27 | 2 | 20 | 49 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 20 |
6 | HHH | 39 | 3 | 16 | 58 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 23 |
7 | MLRYR | 65 | 0 | 73 | 138 | 1 | 9 | 25 | 30 |
8 | SW | 45 | 3 | 58 | 106 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 25 |
9 | SC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
China | 341 | 27 | 291 | 659 | 12 | 40 | 96 | 193 |
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