Responding to common questions on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China

doi:10.1007/s11442-016-1310-3

Abstract

Abstract:

Although the urgency of their conservation has been recognized, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) since 2002 and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China- NIAHS) certified by the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) of China since 2012 are faced with questions as to why to conserve them, what is to be conserved, who should conserve them, and how? This paper attempts to clarify and respond to such questions focusing on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China based on a review of both theoretical and practical progress. Agricultural heritage systems exhibit a multitude of values for sustainable and equitable development and therefore should be conserved for both present and future generations. Unlike most conventional heritages, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems is a complex, systematic “engineering” in which both physical and biological components and associated socio-cultural processes should be conserved in a dynamic way. Farmers and heritage sites must benefit from the continuance of traditional agricultural production under the premise of ecological functions being sustained and traditional culture being inherited. For a more effective conservation, a multi- stakeholder process should be established involving governments at different levels, multi-disciplinary scientists, communities and farmers, and business enterprises as well as social organizations. As has been demonstrated, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems aims to promote the regional sustainable development, to improve the livelihood, food security and well-being of farm people, and to provide references for the development of modern agriculture in China.

Key words: Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), dynamic conservation, sustainable development, China

Qingwen MIN, Yongxun ZHANG, Wenjun *JIAO, Xueping SUN. Responding to common questions on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(7): 969-982.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Figure 1

Table 2

Appendix 1

The list of GIAHS and China-NIAHS in China"

No.	Batch	Designation Year (China-NIAHS/ GIAHS)	Name
1	1	2013/2005	Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture , Zhejiang Province
2	1	2013/2010	Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, Yunnan Province
3	1	2013/2010	Wannian Traditional Rice Culture, Jiangxi Province
4	1	2013/2011	Congjiang Dong’s Rice-Fish-Duck System, Guizhou Province
5	1	2013/2012	Pu’er Traditional Tea Agrosystem, Yunnan Province
6	1	2013/2012	Aohan Dryland Farming System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
7	1	2013/2013	Xuanhua Traditional Vineyards, Hebei Province
8	1	2013/2013	Shaoxing Kuaijishan Ancient Chinese Torreya, Zhejiang Province
9	1	2013/2014	Jiaxian Traditional Chinese Date Gardens, Shaanxi Province
10	1	2013/2014	Fuzhou Jasmine and Tea Culture System, Fujian Province
11	1	2013/2014	Xinghua Duotian Agrosystem, Jiangsu Province
12	1	2013	Anshan Nanguo Pear Planting System, Liaoning Province
13	1	2013	Kuandian Traditional Shizhu Ginseng Cultivation System, Liaoning Province
14	1	2013	Youxi Lianhe Rice Terraces, Fujian Province
15	1	2013	Xinhua Ziquejie Rice Terraces, Hunan Province
16	1	2013	Yangbi Juglans Sigillata Dode and Crops Composite System, Yunnan Province
17	1	2013	Shichuan Traditional Pear Gardens, Gansu Province
18	1	2013	Zhagana Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Compound System, Gansu Province
19	1	2013	Turfan Karez Agrosystem, Xinjiang Autonomous Region
20	2	2014	Cuizhuang Ancient Winter Jujube Gardens, Tianjin
21	2	2014	Kuancheng Traditional Chinese Chestnut Planting System, Hebei Province
22	2	2014	Shexian Dryland Terraces, Hebei Province
No.	Batch	Designation Year (China-NIAHS/ GIAHS)	Name
23	2	2014	Arhorchin Grassland Nomadic System, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
24	2	2014	Hangzhou West Lake Longjing Tea Culture System, Zhejiang Province
25	2	2014	Huzhou Mulberry-Dyke-Fish-Pond System, Zhejiang Province
26	2	2014	Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System, Zhejiang Province
27	2	2014	Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System, Fujian Province
28	2	2014	Chongyi Hakka Rice Terraces, Jiangxi Province
29	2	2014	Xiajin Ancient Mulberry Groves in Old Yellow River Course, Shandong Province
30	2	2014	Yangloudong Brick Tea Culture System, Hubei Province
31	2	2014	Xinhuang Dong-Treasured-Red-Rice Culture System, Hunan Province
32	2	2014	Chao’an Camellia sinens Tea Culture System, Guangdong Province
33	2	2014	Lonhsheng Longji Rice Terraces, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
34	2	2014	Jiangyou Traditional Magnolia Flower Planting System, Sichuan Province
35	2	2014	Guangnan Babao Rice Culture System, Yunnan Province
36	2	2014	Jianchuan Rice-Wheat Rotation Farming System, Yunnan Province
37	2	2014	Minxian Angelica Sinensis Cropping System, Gansu Province
38	2	2014	Lingwu Long Jujube Cropping System, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
39	2	2014	Hami Melon Cultivation System, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
40	3	2015	Pinggu Sizuolou Juglans hopeiensis Planting System, Beijing
41	3	2015	Jing-Xi-Rice Culture System, Beijing
42	3	2015	Huanren Jingzu Rice Culture System, Liaoning Province
43	3	2015	Yanbian Apple Pear Planting System, Jilin Province
44	3	2015	Fuyuan Fish Culture System of Hezhe Nationality, Heilongjiang Province
45	3	2015	Ning’an Xiangshui Rice Culture System, Heilongjiang Province
46	3	2015	Taixing Gingko Planting System, Jiangsu Province
47	3	2015	Xianju Waxberry Planting System, Zhejiang Province
48	3	2015	Yunhe Rice Terraces, Zhejiang Province
49	3	2015	Shouxian Quebei Irrigation Project (Anfeng Reservoir) and Irrigated Farming System, Anhui Province
50	3	2015	Xiuning Fishery System with Flowing Mountain Spring, Anhui Province
51	3	2015	Zaozhuang Ancient Jujube Forests, Shandong Province
52	3	2015	Laoling Jujube-crop Eco-farming System, Shandong Province
53	3	2015	Lingbao Ancient Valley-and-Plain Jujube Forest, Henan Province
54	3	2015	Enshi Gyokuro Tea Culture System, Hubei Province
55	3	2015	Longan “Na” Rice Culture System of Zhuang Nationality, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
56	3	2015	Cangxi Snow Pear Planting System, Sichuan Province
57	3	2015	Meigu Tartary Buckwheat Farming System, Sichuan Province
58	3	2015	Huaxi Ancient Tea and Culture System, Guizhou Province
59	3	2015	Shuangjiang Mengku Ancient Tea and Culture System, Yunnan Province
60	3	2015	Yongdeng Kushui Rose Farming System, Gansu Province
61	3	2015	Zhongning Chinese Wolfberry Cultivation System, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
62	3	2015	Qitai Dryland Farming Landscape, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Appendix 1

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Level	Stakeholder	Main task	Support needed
National	National government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), line ministries	Develop/enhance national policies and legislation and make resources available to implement dynamic conservation and mainstreaming of GIAHS in the national program	GIAHS concept and strategic focus, political support, technical and financial resources
Meso-level (regional/ provincial/ district)	Province or district government, NGOs, businesses/ planning unit	Institutional development and networking Implement national policies: coordinate involvement of practicing actors in dynamic conservation of GIAHS, organize application of policies like payment for biodiversity, water services, promote cultural diversity	Supporting national policies and resources
Local (community)	Local farmers, local government, local businesses, academe	GIAHS dynamic conservation Local innovation and knowledge sharing Valorization and develop pride in tradition and culture Participate in decentralized governance and natural resources management Communicate needs to higher governance levels	Capacity building, local empowerment, payment for environmental services, market access and development
Research	Academe	Link concepts and practice Develop operational systems (biodiversity, socio-ecology, institutional development)	Global conceptual clarity
Market/ Trade	Private sector and/or line ministries in trade, industry and/or tourism	Link productivity, quality and payments, niche products, eco-tourism, etc.	Legal framework for labeling of methods and origins of production etc.

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