Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2016, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (7): 855-870.doi: 10.1007/s11442-016-1302-3
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2015-12-25
Accepted:
2016-04-06
Online:
2016-07-25
Published:
2016-07-25
About author:
Author: Shen Lei, Professor, E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Sun Yanzhi, PhD Candidate, E-mail:
Supported by:
Lei SHEN, Yanzhi *SUN. Review on carbon emissions, energy consumption and low-carbon economy in China from a perspective of global climate change[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(7): 855-870.
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Table 1
Related methods and information of this paper"
Methods | Topic word | High frequency keywords | The number of documents | Type of journal |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biliometric analysis Co-word Analysis | ‘energy consumption’, ‘carbon emission’, ‘low-carbon economy’ | LMDI model, economy growth, climate change, carbon emission reduction, decomposition analysis, industrial structure, low-carbon, carbon emission permits | 480 | Acta Geographica Sinica, Journal of Natural Resources, Economic Geography, Resources Science, China Population, Resources and Environment, Ecological Economy and others |
Table 2
Co-word matrix of high frequency keywords (partial)"
Carbon emission | Low- carbon economy | Energy consumption | LMDI model | Economic growth | Climate change | Carbon reduction | Decomposition analysis | Industrial structure | Low- carbon | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon emission | 0 | 34 | 59 | 35 | 30 | 18 | 9 | 19 | 13 | 4 |
Low-carbon economy | 34 | 0 | 18 | 9 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 0 |
Energy consumption | 59 | 18 | 0 | 10 | 13 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
LMDI model | 35 | 9 | 10 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Economy growth | 30 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Climate change | 18 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Carbon reduction | 9 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Decomposition analysis | 19 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Industrial structure | 13 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Low-carbon | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Table 3
Studies of contributors to the changes of CO2 emissions in China"
Authors | Methods | Time | Research subjects | Decomposition of impact factors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impact factors | Promoting factors | Inhibitory factors | ||||
Zhu and Zhang, 2011 | IDA | 1995-2008 | Carbon emission intensity | Energy intensity, energy structure, industrial structure | Energy intensity | Energy structure, industrial structure |
Zhao et al., 2014 | Spatial Panel Data Analysis | 1991-2010 | Carbon emission intensity of energy consumption | Per capita GDP, population density, energy consumption structure, transportation, energy price | Per capita GDP, population density | Energy consumption structure |
Liu and Liu, 2009 | LMDI | 1992-2005 | Carbon emissions of industrial combustion | Energy consumption, energy structure, technical factors, intermediate inputs, industrial structure, industrial output | Energy consumption, energy structure, industrial output | |
Song and Lu, 2009 | LMDI | 1990-2005 | Carbon emissions of energy consumption | Output scale, energy structure, emission intensity, energy intensity | Output scale | Energy intensity |
Li et al., 2011 | Kaya | 1993-2008 | Agricultural carbon emission | Economic development, efficiency factor, structure factor, labor force scale | Economic development | Efficiency factor, structure factor, labor force scale |
Yang and Liu, 2012 | STIRPAT, EKC | 1995-2009 | Carbon emissions | Per capita GDP, population size, energy intensity, energy structure, industrial structure, urbanization rate, trade openness, foreign direct investment | Per capita GDP, energy intensity | |
Guo, 2010 | LMDI | 1995-2007 | Carbon emissions | Economic aggregate, economic structure, energy use efficiency, energy consumption structure, carbon emission coefficient | Economic aggregate | Energy use efficiency |
Table 4
The forecast for energy demand in China"
Energy demand (100 million tons of standard coal) | Proportion (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2008 | 2020 | 2030 | 2035 | 2008 | 2035 | |
Coal | 7.78 | 20.55 | 30.60 | 35.22 | 37.43 | 66 | 61 |
Petroleum | 1.66 | 5.37 | 8.25 | 10.15 | 10.98 | 17 | 18 |
Natural gas | 0.19 | 1.03 | 2.60 | 3.93 | 4.74 | 3 | 8 |
New energy | 0.00 | 0.26 | 1.80 | 2.53 | 2.75 | 1 | 4 |
Hydrogen | 0.16 | 0.73 | 1.34 | 1.54 | 1.63 | 2 | 3 |
Biomass energy | 2.91 | 2.95 | 2.78 | 2.68 | 2.85 | 10 | 5 |
Renewable energy | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.47 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0 | 1 |
Total | 12.68 | 30.99 | 47.82 | 56.82 | 61.30 | 100 | 100 |
Table 5
The main research methods and models"
Method and model | Basic algorithm | Application description |
---|---|---|
IPCC greenhouse gas emission inventory preparation method ( | c=a×f | C indicates carbon emission, a is the activity level, f is the emission factor. It provides a unified algorithm and reference standard for the estimation of carbon emission. |
LMDI model | C=P×(Y/P)×(E/Y)× (C/E) | C indicates carbon emission, P is the population, Y/P is per capita GDP, E/Y represents the energy consumption intensity, C/E is the energy structure intensity; the method is widely used in carbon emissions calculation and its effect decomposition. |
IPAT model | I=P×A×T | I depicts the impact of evaluation, P is the population, A expresses the wealthy degree, T represents the scientific and technological progress; the model is originally used for environmental impact assessment, after being improved for carbon dioxide impact factor analysis. |
STIRPAT model ( | ![]() | The model is an extension of IPAT model, and a new factor is introduced in the model. |
Econometric model | ![]() | y indicates carbon emission, x is the influencing factor of carbon emissions, α is the intercept, β is the coefficient, i is the number of cross section, t is the time, M represents the number of influencing factors of carbon emission; compared to the traditional time-series and cross-sectional data model, this model expands the amount of information, with dynamic reliability analysis, which is helpful to reflect the system structure. |
Granger causality tests ( | If X helps to predict Y, then X is the granger cause of Y | This model can only be used for the test of smooth sequence, and the information contained in the past X can improve the forecast of Y. |
EKC model | The relationship between economic development and environmental factors in inverted U-shaped curve | Environmental Kuznets curve is used to illustrate the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions, energy consumption. |
Kaya identical equation | ![]() | GHG indicates the greenhouse gas emissions, TOE represents the energy consumption, GDP is the gross domestic product, POP is the population, f is the energy structure intensity, e is the energy consumption intensity, g is the per capita GDP, p is the population; the model is mainly used for analysis of the driving factors of carbon dioxide emissions. |
Hierarchical Analysis | Target-Criterion-Scheme | The model is a kind of weight decision analysis method, which is mainly used to construct the evaluation system of low carbon economy. It is the basic step for the qualitative and quantitative analysis. |
Input-output Analysis ( | c=f(I-A)-1×Y | c denotes the energy carbon emissions vector, f is the direct carbon emission vector of the department, I is the intensity matrix, A is the input coefficient matrix, Y is the final demand matrix, (I-A)-1 is the Leontief inverse matrix; this model is used to analyze the carbon emissions of intermediate products in the economic operation process. |
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