Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2016, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (6): 694-706.doi: 10.1007/s11442-016-1293-0
• Research Articles • Previous Articles Next Articles
Longfei HAN1(), Chaogui LEI1,*, Liu YANG1, Xiaojun DENG1, Chunsheng HU1,2, Guanglai XU2(
)
Received:
2015-11-12
Accepted:
2015-12-15
Online:
2016-06-15
Published:
2016-06-15
Contact:
Chaogui LEI
E-mail:hanlf.nju@gmail.com;xuyp305@163.com
About author:
Author: Han Longfei (1988-), PhD Candidate, specialized in urban hydrology. E-mail:
Supported by:
Longfei HAN, Chaogui LEI, Liu YANG, Xiaojun DENG, Chunsheng HU, Guanglai XU. Degrading river network due to urbanization in Yangtze River Delta[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(6): 694-706.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
Table 1
Definitions of stream structure indices in this study"
Indices | Definitions | Formulas | Units | Explanations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dd | Drainage density | Dd=L/A, L is total stream length in the basin, A is area of the basin | km/km2 | Dd was firstly introduced by |
WSR | Water surface ratio | WSR=(Aw/A)×100%, Aw is total water area, including the water area of streams, ponds and lakes | % | WSR denotes the regulating and storing ability |
K | Development coefficient of tributaries | K=Lb/Lm, Lb is length of tributaries, Lm is length of main streams | No dimension | K refers to developing degree of tributaries |
R | Ratio of area to length of main streams | R=Am/Lm, Am is area of the main streams, Lm is length of main streams | km2/km | R is the average width of main streams, indicating developing degree of main stream |
D | Box dimension | Intersecting the river networks with square boxes with side length r, count the number N(r) of boxes with stream segments. N(r) increases with decreasing r of the box, and we can get a serial of r-N(r). | No dimension | Fractal theory was first introduced to geography, and it denotes the complexity of the pattern of river network ( |
Table 2
Change of streams structure in different regions in the past 50 years"
Indices | Period | Study area | Other areas | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E* | Shanghai* ( Yuan et al., 2005 | Pearl River Delta* ( et al., 2008 | ||
Area (km2) | - | 3841.0 | 4914.0 | 7621.0 | 497.1 | 476.1 | 4962.5 | 1991.8 |
Dd | 1960s | 3.80 | 3.54 | 3.75 | 1.25 | 3.40 | 3.45 | 0.86 |
1980s | 3.27 | 3.87 | 3.24 | 1.58 | 3.06 | 0.84 | ||
2010s | 2.93 | 3.41 | 2.93 | 1.14 | 2.75 | 0.65 | ||
WSR | 1960s | 6.10 | 18.86 | 10.63 | 5.53 | 9.50 | 5.62 | |
1980s | 5.59 | 17.47 | 9.88 | 5.60 | 7.60 | |||
2010s | 4.66 | 15.20 | 8.76 | 7.52 | 6.70 | |||
K | 1960s | 4.93 | 2.54 | 3.65 | 2.52 | 3.39 | 3.39 | 4.42 |
1980s | 4.00 | 3.07 | 2.83 | 2.74 | 2.96 | 3.04 | ||
2010s | 3.83 | 2.56 | 1.94 | 4.37 | 2.53 | 3.50 | ||
R | 1960s | 41.53 | 43.75 | 45.54 | 44.11 | 37.40 | ||
1980s | 42.83 | 48.22 | 47.03 | 39.96 | 34.10 | |||
2010s | 38.85 | 42.94 | 45.66 | 73.23 | 35.60 | |||
D | 1960s | 1.71 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.32 | 1.62 | 1.40 | |
1980s | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.64 | 1.32 | 1.58 | |||
2010s | 1.58 | 1.65 | 1.58 | 1.27 | 1.54 |
Table 3
Administrative divisions with different levels of urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta"
Administrative division | Urbanization degree (%)* | |
---|---|---|
High level of urbanization | Municipal district of Changzhou | 58.15 |
Municipal district of Suzhou | 57.76 | |
Municipal district of Wuxi | 49.94 | |
Municipal district of Hangzhou | 46.79 | |
Medium level of urbanization | Kunshan County | 39.68 |
Zhangjiagang County | 38.38 | |
Taicang County | 35.62 | |
Changsu County | 34.64 | |
Wuxian County | 31.93 | |
Wujiang County | 30.18 | |
Low level of urbanization | Haining County | 29.82 |
Haiyan County | 22.20 | |
Qingpu County | 22.05 |
Table 4
Characteristics of stream structure in administrative divisions with different levels of urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta"
Indices | Periods | Areas of different urbanization degree | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High level | Medium level | Low level | ||
Dd | 1960s | 2.45 | 3.80 | 4.47 |
1980s | 2.32 | 4.04 | 3.46 | |
2010s | 1.78 | 3.64 | 2.96 | |
WSR | 1960s | 6.88 | 14.69 | 17.23 |
1980s | 7.14 | 13.51 | 16.25 | |
2010s | 5.55 | 11.85 | 15.30 | |
K | 1960s | 2.93 | 4.90 | 9.12 |
1980s | 2.90 | 4.65 | 6.19 | |
2010s | 2.10 | 4.57 | 2.89 | |
R | 1960s | 40.91 | 41.39 | 41.08 |
1980s | 42.76 | 45.72 | 44.39 | |
2010s | 46.14 | 42.37 | 40.68 | |
D | 1960s | 1.45 | 1.67 | 1.69 |
1980s | 1.43 | 1.69 | 1.61 | |
2010s | 1.38 | 1.66 | 1.61 |
1 | Chen Dechao, Li Xiangping, Yang Jishan.et al., 2002. Development of water system in the progress of urbanization of Shanghai and its influences to the city drainage.Urban Problems, (5): 31-35. (in Chinese) |
2 |
Chin A, 2006. Urban transformation of river landscapes in a global context.Geomorphology, 79(3/4): 460-487.
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.033 |
3 | Dunne T, Leopold L B, 1978. Water in Environmental Planning. San Francisco: W.H.Freeman. |
4 |
Elmore A J, Kaushal S S, 2008. Disappearing headwaters: Patterns of stream burial due to urbanization.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6(6): 308-312.
doi: 10.1890/070101 |
5 |
Graf W L, 1977. Network characteristics in suburbanizing streams.Water Resources Research, 13(2), 459-463.
doi: 10.1029/WR013i002p00459 |
6 |
Gregory K J, Davis R J, Downs P W, 1992. Identification of river channel change due to urbanization.Applied Geography, 12(4): 299-318.
doi: 10.1016/0143-6228(92)90011-B |
7 |
Hammer T. R, 1972. Stream channel enlargement due to urbanization.Water Resources Research, 8(6), 1530-1540.
doi: 10.1029/WR008i006p01530 |
8 |
Han Changlai, Mao Rui, 1997. The structure characteristics and the functional variation of the river systems in Taihu Lake catchment.Journal of Lake Science, 9(4): 300-306. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.18307/1997.0403 |
9 | Han Longfei, Xu Youpeng, Shao Yulong.et al., 2013. Effect of urbanization on the stream structure and connectivity: A case study in the midlower reaches of the Qinhuai River.Journal of Lake Sciences, 25(3): 335-341. (in Chinese) |
10 |
Han Longfei, Xu Youpeng, Yang Liu.et al., 2015. Temporal and spatial change of stream structure in Yangtze River Delta and its driving forces during 1960s-2010s.Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(5): 819-827.
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201505012 |
11 | Horton Robert E, 1945. Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins: Hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56(3): 275-370. |
12 |
Huang Yilong, Wang Yanglin, Liu Zhenhuan.et al., 2008. Stream construction characteristics in rapid urbanization area: Shenzhen city as a case.Geographical Research, 27(5): 1212-1220. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1016/S1872-5791(08)60058-5 |
13 |
Ji Xiaomin, Xu Youpeng, Han Longfei.et al., 2014. Impacts of urbanization on river system structure: A case study on Qinhuai River Basin, Yangtze River Delta.Water Science & Technology, 70(4): 671-677.
doi: 10.2166/wst.2014.278 pmid: 25116497 |
14 | Li Yuanyuan, Li Jianqiang, Li Zongli.et al., 2011. Issues and challenges for the study of the interconnected river system network.Resources Science, 33(3): 386-391. (in Chinese) |
15 | Marsh George Perkins, 1865. Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. University of Washington Press. |
16 | Meyer J L, Wallace J B, Press M C et al., 2001. Lost linkages and lotic ecology: Rediscovering small streams. In: Ecology: Achievement and Challenge. The 41st Symposium of the British Ecological Society sponsored by the Ecological Society of America held at Orlando, Florida, USA, 10-13 April 2000. Blackwell Science, 295-317. |
17 |
Ni Jinren, Liu Yuanyuan, 2006. Ecological rehabilitation of damaged river system.Science and Technology Review, 24(7): 17-20. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.1016/S1872-2032(06)60052-8 |
18 |
Strahler Arthur N, 1957. Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology.Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 38(6): 913-920.
doi: 10.1029/TR038i006p00913 |
19 |
Tian Guangjin, Jiang Jing, Yang Zhifeng.et al., 2011. The urban growth, size distribution and spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of the Yangtze River Delta megalopolitan region, China.Ecological Modelling, 222(3): 865-878.
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.09.036 |
20 |
Vanacker Veerle, Molina Armando, Govers Gerard.et al., 2005. River channel response to short-term human-induced change in landscape connectivity in Andean ecosystems.Geomorphology, 72(1): 340-353.
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.013 |
21 | Xiao P F, Wang X H, Feng X Z.et al., 2014. Detecting China’s urban expansion over the past three decades using nighttime light data.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 7(10): 4095-4106. |
22 | Xu Guanglai, Xu Youpeng, Wang Liuyan, 2013. Temporal and spatial changes of river systems in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain during 1960s-2000s.Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(7): 966-974. (in Chinese) |
23 | Xu Youpeng, 2012. Impacts of Urbanization of the Yangtze River Delta Region on River System in Basins and Hydrological Processes. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese) |
24 |
Yang Kai, Yuan Wen, Zhao Jun.et al., 2004. Stream structure characteristics and its urbanization responses to tidal river system.Acta Geographica Sinica, 59(4): 557-564. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.04.009 |
25 |
Yuan Wen, Yang Kai, Tang Min.et al., 2005. Stream structure characteristics and their impact on storage and flood control capacity in the urbanized plain river network.Geographical Research, 24(5): 717-724. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.11821/yj2005050008 |
26 | Yuan Wen, Yang Kai, Wu Jianping, 2007. River structure characteristics and classification system in river network plain during the course of urbanization.Scientia Geographica Sinica, 27(3): 401-407. (in Chinese) |
27 |
Zhang Shixia, Guo Yakun, Wang Ziwen, 2015. Correlation between flood frequency and geomorphologic complexity of rivers network: A case study of Hangzhou China.Journal of Hydrology, 527: 113-118.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.060 |
28 |
Zhou Hongjian, Shi Peijun, Wang Jingai.et al., 2008. River network change and its ecological effects in Shenzhen region in recent 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica, 63(9): 969-980. (in Chinese)
doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2008.09.007 |
29 | Zhou Hongjian, Wang Jingai, Yue Yaojie.et al., 2006. Assessment of flood hazard based on river network change: Taking the Beijing-Tianjin segment of Yongding River watershed as an example.Journal of Natural Disasters, 15(6): 45-49. (in Chinese) |
[1] | FENG Yuxue, LI Guangdong. Interaction between urbanization and eco-environment in the Tibetan Plateau [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(2): 298-324. |
[2] | FANG Chuanglin, CUI Xuegang, DENG Xiangzheng, LIANG Longwu. Urbanization and eco-environment coupling circle theory and coupler regulation [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(7): 1043-1059. |
[3] | SONG Zhouying, ZHU Qiaoling. Spatio-temporal pattern and driving forces of urbanization in China’s border areas [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(5): 775-793. |
[4] | SONG Xiaoqing, WEN Mengmeng, SHEN Yajing, FENG Qi, XIANG Jingwei, ZHANG Weina, ZHAO Guosong, WU Zhifeng. Urban vacant land in growing urbanization: An international review [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(4): 669-687. |
[5] | LIU Haimeng, FANG Chuanglin, FANG Kai. Coupled Human and Natural Cube: A novel framework for analyzing the multiple interactions between humans and nature [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(3): 355-377. |
[6] | CUI Xuegang, FANG Chuanglin, LIU Haimeng, LIU Xiaofei, LI Yonghong. Dynamic simulation of urbanization and eco-environment coupling: Current knowledge and future prospects [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(2): 333-352. |
[7] | ZHANG Xinhuan, XU Wenqiang, XIANG Xinyi, ZHANG Zhiping, CUI Mingjie. Mechanism of interaction between urbanization and resource environment in Central Asia [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(11): 1723-1738. |
[8] | MA Haitao, SUN Zhan. Comprehensive urbanization level and its dynamic factors for five Central Asian countries [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(11): 1761-1780. |
[9] | HUANG Jinchuan, NA Ying, GUO Yu. Spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanism of the coupling coordination degree of urbanization and ecological environment in Kazakhstan [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(11): 1802-1824. |
[10] | ZHOU Yannan, YANG Yu, SONG Zhouying, HE Ze, XIA Siyou, REN Yawen. Dynamic transition mechanism analysis of the impact of energy development on urbanization in Central Asia [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(11): 1825-1848. |
[11] | JING Cheng, TAO Hui, JIANG Tong, WANG Yanjun, ZHAI Jianqing, CAO Lige, SU Buda. Population, urbanization and economic scenarios over the Belt and Road region under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(1): 68-84. |
[12] | LYU Lachang, SUN Feixiang, HUANG Ru. Innovation-based urbanization: Evidence from 270 cities at the prefecture level or above in China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(8): 1283-1299. |
[13] | Liying GUO, Liping DI, Qing TIAN. Detecting spatio-temporal changes of arable land and construction land in the Beijing-Tianjin corridor during 2000-2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 702-718. |
[14] | ZHUANG Liang, YE Chao, HU Senlin. Spatial production and spatial dialectic: Evidence from the New Urban Districts in China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(12): 1981-1998. |
[15] | CHEN Mingxing, YE Chao, LU Dadao, SUI Yuwen, GUO Shasha. Cognition and construction of the theoretical connotations of new urbanization with Chinese characteristics [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(10): 1681-1698. |
|