Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2016, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (6): 694-706.doi: 10.1007/s11442-016-1293-0
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Longfei HAN1(), Chaogui LEI1,*, Liu YANG1, Xiaojun DENG1, Chunsheng HU1,2, Guanglai XU2(
)
Received:
2015-11-12
Accepted:
2015-12-15
Online:
2016-06-15
Published:
2016-07-08
Contact:
Chaogui LEI
E-mail:hanlf.nju@gmail.com;xuyp305@163.com
About author:
Author: Han Longfei (1988-), PhD Candidate, specialized in urban hydrology. E-mail:
Supported by:
Longfei HAN, Chaogui LEI, Liu YANG, Xiaojun DENG, Chunsheng HU, Guanglai XU. Degrading river network due to urbanization in Yangtze River Delta[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(6): 694-706.
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Table 1
Definitions of stream structure indices in this study"
Indices | Definitions | Formulas | Units | Explanations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dd | Drainage density | Dd=L/A, L is total stream length in the basin, A is area of the basin | km/km2 | Dd was firstly introduced by |
WSR | Water surface ratio | WSR=(Aw/A)×100%, Aw is total water area, including the water area of streams, ponds and lakes | % | WSR denotes the regulating and storing ability |
K | Development coefficient of tributaries | K=Lb/Lm, Lb is length of tributaries, Lm is length of main streams | No dimension | K refers to developing degree of tributaries |
R | Ratio of area to length of main streams | R=Am/Lm, Am is area of the main streams, Lm is length of main streams | km2/km | R is the average width of main streams, indicating developing degree of main stream |
D | Box dimension | Intersecting the river networks with square boxes with side length r, count the number N(r) of boxes with stream segments. N(r) increases with decreasing r of the box, and we can get a serial of r-N(r). | No dimension | Fractal theory was first introduced to geography, and it denotes the complexity of the pattern of river network ( |
Table 2
Change of streams structure in different regions in the past 50 years"
Indices | Period | Study area | Other areas | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E* | Shanghai* ( Yuan et al., 2005 | Pearl River Delta* ( et al., 2008 | ||
Area (km2) | - | 3841.0 | 4914.0 | 7621.0 | 497.1 | 476.1 | 4962.5 | 1991.8 |
Dd | 1960s | 3.80 | 3.54 | 3.75 | 1.25 | 3.40 | 3.45 | 0.86 |
1980s | 3.27 | 3.87 | 3.24 | 1.58 | 3.06 | 0.84 | ||
2010s | 2.93 | 3.41 | 2.93 | 1.14 | 2.75 | 0.65 | ||
WSR | 1960s | 6.10 | 18.86 | 10.63 | 5.53 | 9.50 | 5.62 | |
1980s | 5.59 | 17.47 | 9.88 | 5.60 | 7.60 | |||
2010s | 4.66 | 15.20 | 8.76 | 7.52 | 6.70 | |||
K | 1960s | 4.93 | 2.54 | 3.65 | 2.52 | 3.39 | 3.39 | 4.42 |
1980s | 4.00 | 3.07 | 2.83 | 2.74 | 2.96 | 3.04 | ||
2010s | 3.83 | 2.56 | 1.94 | 4.37 | 2.53 | 3.50 | ||
R | 1960s | 41.53 | 43.75 | 45.54 | 44.11 | 37.40 | ||
1980s | 42.83 | 48.22 | 47.03 | 39.96 | 34.10 | |||
2010s | 38.85 | 42.94 | 45.66 | 73.23 | 35.60 | |||
D | 1960s | 1.71 | 1.68 | 1.69 | 1.32 | 1.62 | 1.40 | |
1980s | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.64 | 1.32 | 1.58 | |||
2010s | 1.58 | 1.65 | 1.58 | 1.27 | 1.54 |
Table 3
Administrative divisions with different levels of urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta"
Administrative division | Urbanization degree (%)* | |
---|---|---|
High level of urbanization | Municipal district of Changzhou | 58.15 |
Municipal district of Suzhou | 57.76 | |
Municipal district of Wuxi | 49.94 | |
Municipal district of Hangzhou | 46.79 | |
Medium level of urbanization | Kunshan County | 39.68 |
Zhangjiagang County | 38.38 | |
Taicang County | 35.62 | |
Changsu County | 34.64 | |
Wuxian County | 31.93 | |
Wujiang County | 30.18 | |
Low level of urbanization | Haining County | 29.82 |
Haiyan County | 22.20 | |
Qingpu County | 22.05 |
Table 4
Characteristics of stream structure in administrative divisions with different levels of urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta"
Indices | Periods | Areas of different urbanization degree | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High level | Medium level | Low level | ||
Dd | 1960s | 2.45 | 3.80 | 4.47 |
1980s | 2.32 | 4.04 | 3.46 | |
2010s | 1.78 | 3.64 | 2.96 | |
WSR | 1960s | 6.88 | 14.69 | 17.23 |
1980s | 7.14 | 13.51 | 16.25 | |
2010s | 5.55 | 11.85 | 15.30 | |
K | 1960s | 2.93 | 4.90 | 9.12 |
1980s | 2.90 | 4.65 | 6.19 | |
2010s | 2.10 | 4.57 | 2.89 | |
R | 1960s | 40.91 | 41.39 | 41.08 |
1980s | 42.76 | 45.72 | 44.39 | |
2010s | 46.14 | 42.37 | 40.68 | |
D | 1960s | 1.45 | 1.67 | 1.69 |
1980s | 1.43 | 1.69 | 1.61 | |
2010s | 1.38 | 1.66 | 1.61 |
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