A graded index for evaluating precipitation heterogeneity in China

doi:10.1007/s11442-016-1292-1

Abstract

Abstract:

Precipitation heterogeneity has a nontrivial influence on human life. Many studies have analyzed precipitation heterogeneity but none have proposed a systematic graded index for its evaluation, and therefore, its true characteristics have not been expressed. After comparisons of various methods, the precipitation concentration degree (PCD) method was selected to study precipitation heterogeneity. In addition to the PCD, normal distribution functions, cumulative frequencies, and percentiles were used to establish a graded index for evaluating precipitation heterogeneity. A comprehensive evaluation of precipitation heterogeneity was performed, and its spatiotemporal variation in China from 1960 to 2013 was analyzed. The results indicated that (1) seven categories of precipitation heterogeneity were identified (high centralization, moderate centralization, mild centralization, normal, mild dispersion, moderate dispersion, and high dispersion) and (2) during the study period, the precipitation in more parts of China tended to be normal or dispersed, which is beneficial to human activities.

Key words: heterogeneity, precipitation concentration degree, evaluation index, comprehensive evaluation, China

LIU Yonglin,YAN Junping,CEN Minyi,FANG Qunsheng,LIU Zhengyao,LI Yingjie. A graded index for evaluating precipitation heterogeneity in China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(6): 673-693.

References

1	Alexander L V, Zhang X B, Peterson T C.et al., 2006. Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111(D5).http://www.researchgate.net/publication/284099376_Global_observed_changed_in_daily_climate_extreme_of_temperature_and_precipitation
2	Cao Y Q, Lu L, Zhang T T.et al., 2013. Spatio-temporal variation in precipitation in Zhejiang province based on PCD and PCP.Resources Science, 35(5): 1001-1006. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-ZRZY201305014.htm
3	Deng P X, Hu Q F, Wang Y T.et al., 2014. Heterogeneity study of rainfall in the Taihu Lake basin.Hydro-Science and Engineering, (5): 34-40. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SLSY201405006.htm
4	Dong Q, Chen X, Chen T X, 2011. Characteristics and changes of extreme precipitation in the Yellow-Huaihe and and Yangtze-Huaihe rivers basins, China.Journal of Climate, 24(14): 3781-3795.
5	Feng G Y, 1994. Discussion on intra-annual differential coefficient.Resources Science, 16(5): 67-72. (in Chinese)
6	Feng G Z, Li Y, Li P C, 2000. Quantification of nonuniformity in annual distribution of stream flows.The Journal Of Northwest Agricultural University, 28(2): 50-53. (in Chinese)/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28ba87837b3238613c47b0d492975b6ba4%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fagris.fao.org%2Fagris-search%2Fsearch.do%3FrecordID%3DCN2001801280&ie=utf-8&sc_us=17041288429171240098
7	Gong D Y, Han H, 2004. Extreme climate events in Northern China over the last 50 years.Acta Geographica Sinica, 59(2): 230-238. (in Chinese)
8	Gu W L, Wang J J, Zhu Y Y.et al., 2010. Annual distribution of precipitation over the Huaihe River basin.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 19(4): 426-431. (in Chinese)
9	Huang J Y, 2007. Meteorological Statistical Analysis and Prediction Method. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 24-26. (in Chinese)
10	Ju X S, Yang X W, Chen L J.et al., 1997. Research on determination of station indexes and division of regional flood/ drought grades in China.Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology, 8(1): 26-33. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YYQX701.003.htm
11	Li J, Yu R C, Sun W, 2013. Calculation and analysis of the thresholds of hourly extreme precipitation in mainland China.Torrential Rain and Disasters, 32(1): 11-16. (in Chinese)
12	Li Q X, Huang J Y, 2010. Study on threshold values with an extreme events of precipitation in Beijing.Advances in Water Science, 21(5): 660-665. (in Chinese)
13	Li X M, Jiang F Q, Li L H.et al., 2011. Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration index, concentration degree and concentration period in Xinjiang, China.International Journal of Climatology, 31(11): 1679-1693.
14	Liu W L, Zhang M J, Wang S J.et al., 2013. Intra-annual inhomogeneity of precipitation and its prediction in Shaanxi Province of Northwest China in 1960-2011.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 32(7): 1877-1887. (in Chinese)
15	Liu X Y, Shi Z T, Peng H Y.et al., 2007. Study on precipitation temporal distribution homogeneous degree based on the Gini coefficient.Journal of Meteorological Research and Application, 28(2): 46-48. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GXQX200702010.htm
16	Lu Z H, Xia Z Q, Yu L L.et al., 2012. Temporal and spatial variation of characteristics of precipitation in Songhua River basin during 1958-2009.Journal of Natural Resources, 27(6): 990-1000. (in Chinese)
17	Mishra A K, ?zger M, Singh V P, 2009. An entropy-based investigation into the variability of precipitation.Journal of Hydrology, 370(1): 139-154.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169409001498
18	Qin W J, Wang Y Q, Qin Z N, 2010. Study on variation characteristics of precipitation concentration degree in Guangxi under the background of global climate becoming warm.Meteorological and Environmental Research, 1(5): 17-21.
19	Shi W L, Yang Q K, Li X F.et al., 2012. Study on temporal inequality of precipitation in the Loess Plateau based on Lorenz curve.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 30(4): 172-177. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GHDQ201204032.htm
20	Shi W L, Yu X Z, Liao W G.et al., 2013. Spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation concentration in the Lancang River basin, China.Journal of Hydrology, 495: 197-207.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169413003612
21	Singh V P, 1997. The use of entropy in hydrology and water resources.Hydrological Processes, 11(6): 587-626.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199705)11:6<587::AID-HYP479>3.0.CO;2-P/abstract
22	Tang Q C, Cheng T W, Li X Y, 1982a. Preliminary study on the degree and time of concentration of monthly runoff of Chinese streams.Acta Geographica Sinica, 37(4): 383-393. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB198204004.htm
23	Tang Q C, Yang X Y, 1982b. Calculation and discussion of the non-uniform coefficient of annual runoff distribution.Resources Science, 4(3): 59-65. (in Chinese)
24	Wang D, Zhu Y S, 2001. Principle of maximum entropy and its application in hydrology and water resources.Advances in Water Science, 12(3): 424-430. (in Chinese)
25	Wang J J, Pei T F, Gu W L.et al., 2007. Non-uniformity index of annual precipitation distribution.Chinese Journal of Ecology, 26(9): 1364-1368. (in Chinese)
26	Wang N, Li D L, Zhang J, 2013. The intra-seasonal heterogeneity of the strong precipitation events and the corresponding atmosphere circulation characteristics in the middle and upper Yellow River Basin in flood season.Journal of Desert Research, 33(1): 239-248. (in Chinese)
27	Wang X R, Guo J X, Wang W G.et al., 2009. China Meteorological Geographical Regionalization (Consultation Draft). National Climate Center. (in Chinese)
28	Xiong J, 2003. A comparative analysis of appraisal method of Gini coefficient.Research on Financial and Economic Issues, (1): 79-82. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-CJWT200301016.htm
29	Yang Y D, 1984. Calculation method of the annual runoff distribution.Acta Geographica Sinica, 39(2): 218-227. (in Chinese)
30	Zhai P M, Pan X H, 2003. Change in extreme temperature and precipitation over northern China during the second half of the 20th century.Acta Geographica Sinica, 58(S1): 1-10. (in Chinese)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB2003S1000.htm
31	Zhang L J, Qian Y, 2003. Annual distribution features of precipitation in China and their interannual variations.Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 17(2): 146-163.http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-QXXW200302003.htm
32	Zhang L J, Qian Y F, 2004. A study on the feature of precipitation concentration and its relation to flood-producing in the Yangtze River valley of China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 47(4): 622-630. (in Chinese)/s?wd=paperuri%3A%285c055922d69878a9ee72abd243e0cfc3%29&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3DA%20STUDY%20ON%20THE%20FEATURE%20OF%20PRECIPITATION%20CONCENTRATION%20AND%20ITS%20RELATION%20TO%20FLOOD-PRODUCING%20IN%20THE%20YANGTZE%20RIVER%20VALLEY%20OF%20CHINA&sc_us=18136672355169937486&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-8
33	Zhang Q, Zou X K, Xiao F J et al., 2006. Classification of Meteorological Drought, GB/T 20481-2006. Beijing: Standards Press of China. (in Chinese)/s?wd=paperuri%3A%289680b77e29d4d3a4cc27b02772992020%29&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3DClassification%20of%20Meteorological%20Drought&sc_us=3163293892153122223&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-8
34	Zhang X B, Hegerl G, Zwiers F W.et al., 2005. Avoiding inhomogeneity in percentile-based indices of temperature extremes.Journal of Climate, 18(11):1641-1651.http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18.1641Z
35	Zhang X B, Wang J F, Zwiers F W.et al., 2010. The influence of large-scale climate variability on winter maximum daily precipitation over North America.Journal of Climate, 23(11): 2902-2915.http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103215390.html
36	Zheng H X, Liu C M, 2003. Changes of annual runoff distribution in the headwater of the Yellow River basin.Progress in Geography, 22(6): 585-590. (in Chinese)
37	Zou L Y, Ding Y H, Wang J, 2013. Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation long-term changes in Northeast China and causation analysis.Journal of Natural Resources, 28(1): 137-147. (in Chinese)http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zrzyxb201301014.aspx

[1]	Yue XU, Zehao SHEN, Lingxiao YING, Runguo ZANG, Youxu JIANG. Effects of current climate, paleo-climate, and habitat heterogeneity in determining biogeographical patterns of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants in China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(7): 1142-1158.
[2]	Leilei MIN, Yongqing QI, Yanjun SHEN, Ping WANG, Shiqin WANG, Meiying LIU. Groundwater recharge under irrigated agro-ecosystems in the North China Plain: From a critical zone perspective [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 877-890.
[3]	Xifang WU, Yongqing QI, Yanjun SHEN, Wei YANG, Yucui ZHANG, Akihiko KONDOH. Change of winter wheat planting area and its impacts on groundwater depletion in the North China Plain [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 891-908.
[4]	Yucui ZHANG, Yongqing QI, Yanjun SHEN, Hongying WANG, Xuepeng PAN. Mapping the agricultural land use of the North China Plain in 2002 and 2012 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 909-921.
[5]	MARTINSEN Grith, Suxia LIU, Xingguo MO, Peter BAUER-GOTTWEIN. Optimizing water resources allocation in the Haihe River basin under groundwater sustainability constraints [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 935-958.
[6]	Wenlan GAO, Keqin DUAN, Shuangshuang LI. Spatial-temporal variations in cold surge events in northern China during the period 1960-2016 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 971-983.
[7]	M. ROBINSON Guy, Bingjie SONG. Rural transformation: Cherry growing on the Guanzhong Plain, China and the Adelaide Hills, South Australia [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 675-701.
[8]	Liying GUO, Liping DI, Qing TIAN. Detecting spatio-temporal changes of arable land and construction land in the Beijing-Tianjin corridor during 2000-2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 702-718.
[9]	Yifan WU, Weilun FENG, Yang ZHOU. Practice of barren hilly land consolidation and its impact: A typical case study from Fuping County, Hebei Province of China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 762-778.
[10]	Rubo ZHOU, Meizhen LIN, Jianzhou GONG, Zhuo WU. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and influencing mechanism of ecosystem services in the Pearl River Delta from the perspective of LUCC [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 831-845.
[11]	Qinqin DU, Mingjun ZHANG, Shengjie WANG, Cunwei CHE, Rong MA, Zhuanzhuan MA. Changes in air temperature over China in response to the recent global warming hiatus [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(4): 496-516.
[12]	Shengfa LI, Xiubin LI. The mechanism of farmland marginalization in Chinese mountainous areas: Evidence from cost and return changes [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(4): 531-548.
[13]	Yujie LIU, Ya QIN, Quansheng GE. Spatiotemporal differentiation of changes in maize phenology in China from 1981 to 2010 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(3): 351-362.
[14]	Wei YANG, Liping ZHANG, Yanjun ZHANG, Zongli LI, Yi XIAO, Jun XIA. Developing a comprehensive evaluation method for Interconnected River System Network assessment: A case study in Tangxun Lake group [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(3): 389-405.
[15]	Xiaoyu GAO, Weiming CHENG, Nan WANG, Qiangyi LIU, Ting MA, Yinjun CHEN, Chenghu ZHOU. Spatio-temporal distribution and transformation of cropland in geomorphologic regions of China during 1990-2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(2): 180-196.