Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2016, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (5): 619-639.doi: 10.1007/s11442-016-1289-9
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles
Jingqi ZHANG1(), Naizhuo *ZHAO2(
), Xingjian LIU3, Ying LIU2
Received:
2015-05-15
Accepted:
2015-07-31
Online:
2016-05-25
Published:
2016-05-25
About author:
Author: Zhang Jingqi (1982-), Associate Professor, specialized in GIS & RS application of urban governance. E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Zhao Naizhuo (1981-), specialized in GIS & RS application. E-mail:
Supported by:
Jingqi ZHANG, Naizhuo *ZHAO, Xingjian LIU, Ying LIU. Global virtual-land flow and saving through international cereal trade[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(5): 619-639.
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Table 1
Net land saving for ten countries with the largest land saving through international cereal trade (ha/year)"
Country | Barley | Buck- wheat | Maize | Oats | Rice | Rye | Sorghum | Soybean | Wheat | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China, mainland | 428978 | -81671 | -88827 | 12896 | -63483 | 0 | -21012 | 25557987 | 36922 | 25781790 |
Japan | 431432 | 128429 | 6279733 | 33427 | 105190 | 38876 | 493419 | 2134916 | 1556441 | 11201864 |
Mexico | 37174 | 0 | 2552578 | 67634 | 121105 | 59 | 574826 | 2422318 | 474403 | 6250096 |
Morocco | 508002 | 1 | 2480014 | 611 | 1271 | 0 | 70869 | 282336 | 2794927 | 6138032 |
Algeria | 177007 | 0 | 738516 | 3328 | 53429 | 0 | 109 | 51 | 4311183 | 5283623 |
Venezuela | 22 | 0 | 362312 | 259 | 30788 | 1 | 275 | 64168 | 4631608 | 5089433 |
Republic of Korea | 15523 | 2524 | 1688240 | 1622 | 45090 | 3508 | 3693 | 722724 | 1064366 | 3547290 |
Spain | 204313 | 134 | 469809 | 24364 | -13070 | 72180 | 224056 | 1211139 | 1342817 | 3535743 |
Indonesia | 12.47045 | 1 | 261584 | 217 | 218708 | 1778 | 332 | 1281372 | 1561662 | 3325665 |
Nigeria | 161 | 346 | -1068 | 9 | 869775 | 0 | 7923 | -14962 | 2144898 | 3007082 |
Table 2
Net land saving for ten countries with the largest land loss through international cereal trade (ha/year)"
Country | Barley | Buck- wheat | Maize | Oats | Rice | Rye | Sorghum | Soybean | Wheat | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US | 17653 | -15496 | -5260252 | 777382 | -332477 | 72504 | -1048653 | -12613184 | -9089213 | -27491736 |
Australia | -1909820 | 232 | -2971 | -112716 | 6837 | -830 | -17183 | -212 | -7885973 | -9922634 |
Brazil | 108130 | -186 | -2048760 | -3014 | 9416 | 26 | -19919 | -9648151 | 2106069 | -9496388 |
Argentina | -314566 | 0 | -2120317 | -887 | -79277 | 6 | -301830 | -3414157 | -2697611 | -8928639 |
Canada | -512797 | -1443 | 145415 | -634845 | 95259 | -66811 | 1658 | -741034 | -6400894 | -8115493 |
Russia | -905298 | -2556 | -104323 | -1536 | 32739 | -26595 | -507 | 591841 | -6275804 | -6692039 |
Ukraine | -1767875 | -715 | -819118 | -4835 | 13319 | -15713 | -25763 | -240754 | -1897307 | -4758761 |
Kazakhstan | -329121 | -1269 | -521 | -3831 | -3027 | -497 | 1 | 4171 | -4221700 | -4555794 |
France | -811921 | 3145 | -600686 | -10832 | 73780 | -4268 | 6414 | 196389 | -2618306 | -3766286 |
India | -61129 | 371 | -1276268 | 2859 | -1088450 | -473 | -82869 | -21869 | 188562 | -2339266 |
Table 3
Virtual-land saving and land-saving efficiency for different cereals (ha/year for harvested area, imported virtual land, exported virtual land, and saved virtual land)"
Barley | Buck- wheat | Maize | Oats | Rice | Rye | Sorghum | Soybean | Wheat | Sum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvested area | 52244089 | 2277652 | 163321757 | 10442451 | 159725031 | 5991368 | 42842243 | 98516364 | 220188925 | 755549880 |
Imported virtual land | 10898160 | 235887 | 30101106 | 1226827 | 10802834 | 447742 | 3793826 | 49257205 | 59719646 | 166483233 |
Exported virtual land | 8721120 | 143135 | 16262145 | 1051797 | 8144730 | 407500 | 1761535 | 30904124 | 48994862 | 116390949 |
Saved virtual land | 2177040 | 92752 | 13838961 | 175030 | 2658103 | 40242 | 2032291 | 18353082 | 10724783 | 50092284 |
Land-saving efficiency | 0.25 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 1.15 | 0.59 | 0.22 | 0.43 |
Table 4
Changes of net imported virtual land in China from 2007 to 2011 (ha)"
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barley | 220342 | 298505 | 465964 | 607120 | 552957 |
Buckwheat | -94986 | -71850 | -77311 | -95506 | -68703 |
Maize | -944805 | -36605 | -8739 | 264705 | 281310 |
Oats | 1730 | 9410 | 14739 | 19229 | 19373 |
Rice | 129463 | 99606 | 65213 | 35975 | -12840 |
Rye | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sorghum | -60852 | -28967 | -7329 | 8834 | -16744 |
Soybean | 20885180 | 21711957 | 25891107 | 30847583 | 28454109 |
Wheat | -489017 | -19756 | 186814 | 256646 | 249923 |
Sum | 19647056 | 21962301 | 26530458 | 31944586 | 29459385 |
Table 5
The 11 largest virtual-land flows (>1,000,000 ha/year) and land saving generated by the 11 individual virtual-land flows (ha/year)"
Barley | Buck-wheat | Maize | Oats | Rice | Rye | Sorghum | Soybean | Wheat | Sum | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From the US to China | Produced in the US | 0 | 9 | 94321 | 0 | 300 | 169 | 449 | 6755511 | 74733 | 6925492 | |
Produced in China | 0 | 10 | 157551 | 0 | 350 | 106 | 488 | 11369400 | 46670 | 11574575 | ||
Land saving | 0 | 1 | 63230 | 0 | 50 | -63 | 39 | 4613889 | -28063 | 4649083 | ||
From Brazil to China | Produced in Brazil | 0 | 0 | 8061 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5375671 | 1353 | 5385085 | |
Produced in China | 0 | 0 | 3225 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9132113 | 744 | 9136082 | ||
Land saving | 0 | 0 | -4836 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3756442 | -609 | 3750997 | ||
From the US to Japan | Produced in the US | 49492 | 19803 | 1530255 | 794 | 42203 | 1165 | 114437 | 920101 | 1143114 | 3821364 | |
Produced in Japan | 45194 | 43084 | 5742507 | 1054 | 60659 | 720 | 172295 | 1581127 | 951354 | 8597995 | ||
Land saving | -4298 | 23281 | 4212253 | 260 | 18456 | -445 | 57858 | 661026 | -191760 | 4776631 | ||
The US to Mexico | Produced in the US | 13512 | 4 | 856712 | 4268 | 76305 | 86 | 506261 | 1221127 | 880524 | 3558799 | |
Produced in Mexico | 20641 | 4 | 2597371 | 6802 | 126503 | 113 | 568953 | 2362737 | 498360 | 6181482 | ||
Land saving | 7129 | 0 | 1740659 | 2533 | 50198 | 26 | 62691 | 1141610 | -382164 | 2622683 | ||
From Argentina to China | Produced in Argentina | 12669 | 0 | 231 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1764 | 3062232 | 0 | 3076896 | |
Produced in China | 14429 | 0 | 268 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2240 | 4962496 | 0 | 4979433 | ||
Land saving | 1760 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 476 | 1900264 | 0 | 1902537 | ||
From Canada to the US | Produced in Canada | 131772 | 1588 | 33764 | 613713 | 0 | 45820 | 0 | 109596 | 820789 | 1757042 | |
Produced in the US | 116720 | 1773 | 31810 | 774724 | 0 | 64403 | 0 | 103019 | 756988 | 1849437 | ||
Land saving | -15052 | 185 | -1954 | 161011 | 0 | 18583 | 0 | -63801 | 92395 | |||
From Argentina to Brazil | Produced in Argentina | 91391 | 0 | 3895 | 0 | 36100 | 24 | 11 | 315 | 1546233 | 1677969 | |
Produced in Brazil | 100754 | 0 | 6380 | 0 | 55288 | 30 | 20 | 311 | 1747153 | 1909937 | ||
Land saving | 9363 | 0 | 2485 | 0 | 19188 | 5 | 9 | -4 | 200921 | 231968 | ||
From the US to Republic of Korea | Produced in the US | 263 | 44 | 654768 | 475 | 11600 | 4422 | 365 | 193281 | 449706 | 1314923 | |
Produced in Republic of Korea | 418 | 38 | 1292935 | 449 | 12703 | 2806 | 946 | 333690 | 373658 | 2017643 | ||
Land saving | 155 | -5 | 638167 | -26 | 1103 | -1616 | 581 | 140409 | -76048 | 702720 | ||
From Brazil to Spain | Produced in Brazil | 0 | 0 | 271063 | 54 | 1635 | 0 | 7787 | 793475 | 7 | 1074021 | |
Produced in Spain | 0 | 0 | 105264 | 50 | 1045 | 0 | 4621 | 896714 | 5 | 1007699 | ||
Land saving | 0 | 0 | -165799 | -4 | -590 | 0 | -3166 | 103239 | 2 | -66322 | ||
From the US to Nigeria | Produced in the US | 0 | 0 | 87 | 0 | 3058 | 0 | 0 | 1123 | 1032562 | 1036830 | |
Produced in Nigeria | 0 | 0 | 435 | 0 | 12575 | 0 | 0 | 3091 | 618377 | 634478 | ||
Land saving | 0 | 0 | 348 | 0 | 9517 | 0 | 0 | 1968 | -414185 | -402352 | ||
From Australia to Japan | Produced in Australia | 347358 | 0 | 388 | 16860 | 0 | 0 | 4918 | 104 | 658657 | 1028285 | |
Produced in Japan | 191863 | 0 | 855 | 14456 | 0 | 0 | 5293 | 135 | 290267 | 502869 | ||
Land saving | -155495 | 0 | 466 | -2404 | 0 | 0 | 376 | 31 | -368390 | -525416 |
Table 6
A matrix of virtual-land flows from the ten largest virtual-land-export countries to the ten largest virtual-land-import countries (ha/year)"
to from | Algeria | China | Germany | Japan | Mexico | Morocco | Netherland | Republic of Korea | Spain | Venezuela |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 297011 | 3064227 | 12339 | 145593 | 207 | 157409 | 38059 | 19286 | 138130 | 51075 |
Australia | 9000 | 583643 | 2564 | 1028285 | 0 | 5406 | 0 | 632115 | 21626 | 780 |
Brazil | 128302 | 5385085 | 285728 | 256728 | 7102 | 155818 | 902309 | 278143 | 1074021 | 18196 |
Canada | 194716 | 200730 | 48790 | 662470 | 302889 | 191865 | 166028 | 188006 | 80430 | 287538 |
France | 600470 | 31545 | 280919 | 598 | 840 | 289953 | 563972 | 0 | 397441 | 0 |
Kazakhstan | 2324 | 0 | 66539 | 699 | 0 | 8490 | 824 | 0 | 6124 | 0 |
Russian | 6368 | 2108 | 8307 | 18074 | 0 | 39979 | 7298 | 12785 | 55256 | 0 |
Thailand | 11746 | 112486 | 9465 | 82935 | 42 | 14 | 27118 | 20010 | 12629 | 41 |
Ukraine | 47181 | 1626 | 14787 | 46115 | 0 | 30327 | 256155 | 179143 | 347056 | 0 |
US | 130927 | 6925492 | 402548 | 3821364 | 3558799 | 245622 | 205316 | 1314923 | 437362 | 364466 |
Table 7
Average yields of cereal of the countries that are involved in the 11 largest virtual-land flows over the period of 2007-2011 (hg/ha)"
Barley | Buckwheat | Maize | Oats | Rice | Rye | Sorghum | Soybean | Wheat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 33608 | N/A | 67713 | 18440 | 65654 | 15281 | 45124 | 26307 | 28715 |
Australia | 17580 | N/A | 55434 | 13785 | 88503 | 5985 | 31559 | 20552 | 15803 |
Brazil | 29383 | 11606 | 40314 | 20205 | 42969 | 12822 | 23577 | 28670 | 24678 |
Canada | 31679 | 11500 | 89157 | 28296 | N/A | 23860 | N/A | 26644 | 27436 |
China | 35883 | 8320 | 54375 | 27444 | 65637 | 30805 | 38360 | 16788 | 47390 |
Japan | 32215 | 5176 | 25799 | 17232 | 60659 | N/A | N/A | 16432 | 36174 |
Mexico | 23418 | N/A | 31832 | 15298 | 47504 | 15000 | 36698 | 15423 | 51922 |
Nigeria | N/A | N/A | 18472 | N/A | 17188 | N/A | 12694 | 9075 | 16697 |
Republic of Korea | 28139 | 10135 | 48869 | N/A | 71266 | N/A | 16006 | 16760 | 36098 |
Spain | 30518 | N/A | 103826 | 21333 | 73755 | 21217 | 41459 | 25335 | 32050 |
US | 36507 | 8785 | 96569 | 22432 | 78329 | 17153 | 41927 | 28357 | 29541 |
Average of the world | 28101 | 10841 | 43758 | 24022 | 37524 | 28398 | 28674 | 16297 | 30796 |
Table 1 in appendix
Net land saving through cereal trade for 201 countries/regions"
Country | Net land saving (ha/year) | Country | Net land saving (ha/year) |
---|---|---|---|
China, mainland | 25781790 | Chad | 89898 |
Japan | 11201864 | Madagascar | 88253 |
Mexico | 6250096 | Mauritius | 76395 |
Morocco | 6138032 | Belarus | 74177 |
Algeria | 5283623 | Mali | 74023 |
Venezuela | 5089433 | New Zealand | 73689 |
Republic of Korea | 3547290 | Mongolia | 73688 |
Spain | 3535743 | Bolivia | 72615 |
Indonesia | 3325665 | Turkmenistan | 67181 |
Nigeria | 3007082 | Rwanda | 66663 |
Syrian Arab Republic | 2709493 | Brunei Darussalam | 59237 |
Iran | 2708283 | Uzbekistan | 57307 |
Germany | 2656802 | Gabon | 53846 |
Netherlands | 2599105 | Togo | 53398 |
Egypt | 2517040 | Slovenia | 50966 |
Italy | 2511334 | Fiji | 50372 |
China, Taiwan | 2370107 | Burundi | 45856 |
Libya | 2288057 | Namibia | 43297 |
Colombia | 2272798 | Bahrain | 42036 |
Jordan | 2175838 | Poland | 40525 |
Saudi Arabia | 2031040 | Barbados | 37782 |
Iraq | 1898973 | Malawi | 37283 |
Yemen | 1855308 | New Caledonia | 33984 |
Peru | 1845530 | Macedonia | 33389 |
Portugal | 1838485 | Austria | 33355 |
Turkey | 1682336 | Comoros | 32637 |
Israel | 1649835 | Guinea-Bissau | 28843 |
Tunisia | 1516452 | Malta | 25056 |
Malaysia | 1515052 | Iceland | 21120 |
Bangladesh | 1464979 | Bhutan | 19551 |
Philippines | 1334338 | Solomon Islands | 15646 |
Sudan (former) | 1317915 | Montenegro | 11827 |
Zimbabwe | 1243656 | Grenada | 9070 |
Belgium | 1059951 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 8614 |
Tanzania | 908146 | Timor-Leste | 8285 |
Ecuador | 873227 | China, Macao | 7430 |
Cuba | 869336 | Maldives | 6366 |
Ethiopia | 864130 | Belize | 5246 |
Dominican Republic | 858426 | Luxembourg | 4693 |
Kenya | 846853 | French Polynesia | 4131 |
Mozambique | 831303 | Seychelles | 4054 |
Somalia | 768800 | Samoa | 4001 |
Cyprus | 667163 | Central African Republic | 3926 |
Cameroon | 655903 | Faroe Islands | 3308 |
Honduras | 632844 | Vanuatu | 3092 |
C?te d’Ivoire | 617596 | Bahamas | 3085 |
United Kingdom | 612499 | Equatorial Guinea | 2061 |
Guatemala | 577794 | Kiribati | 1818 |
South Africa | 570190 | Sao Tome and Principe | 1562 |
Azerbaijan | 563093 | Netherlands Antilles | 1540 |
Costa Rica | 552873 | Guam | 1367 |
United Arab Emirates | 529476 | Aruba | 1236 |
Angola | 512591 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 919 |
Chile | 499125 | Saint Lucia | 683 |
Lesotho | 495154 | Suriname | 566 |
Greece | 467651 | Antigua and Barbuda | 400 |
Senegal | 463390 | Dominica | 373 |
Georgia | 420378 | Cayman Islands | 134 |
Congo, DR | 398694 | Bermuda | 89 |
Sri Lanka | 388194 | British Virgin Islands | 78 |
Norway | 385292 | Tonga | 47 |
Botswana | 337530 | Cook Islands | 27 |
Ghana | 310273 | Tuvalu | 14 |
Lebanon | 307742 | Nauru | 12 |
Panama | 295734 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 5 |
Kuwait | 292829 | Niue | 4 |
Afghanistan | 292335 | Guyana | -8251 |
Eritrea | 273103 | Laos | -23863 |
El Salvador | 257957 | Myanmar | -31085 |
Jamaica | 247537 | Denmark | -47363 |
Haiti | 240268 | Cambodia | -51372 |
Uganda | 227905 | Estonia | -58421 |
Mauritania | 205813 | Croatia | -61967 |
Niger | 181457 | Zambia | -64596 |
Korea, DPR | 175929 | Slovakia | -69767 |
Armenia | 175220 | Sweden | -121542 |
Liberia | 171749 | Viet Nam | -123817 |
Kyrgyzstan | 171738 | Republic of Moldova | -133933 |
Congo | 171554 | Finland | -163867 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 162307 | Latvia | -174263 |
Papua New Guinea | 159575 | Czech Republic | -296855 |
Tajikistan | 154086 | Lithuania | -297548 |
Occupied Palestinian Territory | 151591 | Serbia | -300503 |
Ireland | 150592 | Bulgaria | -622897 |
Guinea | 149275 | Romania | -709695 |
Benin | 148063 | Pakistan | -763843 |
Swaziland | 143101 | Uruguay | -900625 |
Singapore | 141955 | Thailand | -1216772 |
Oman | 140984 | Hungary | -1218750 |
Switzerland | 138553 | Paraguay | -2298939 |
Nicaragua | 137253 | India | -2339266 |
Cabo Verde | 132540 | France | -3766286 |
Burkina Faso | 117850 | Kazakhstan | -4555794 |
Gambia | 115396 | Ukraine | -4758761 |
Qatar | 114497 | Russia | -6692039 |
China, Hong Kong | 113223 | Canada | -8115493 |
Nepal | 106546 | Argentina | -8928639 |
Djibouti | 101444 | Brazil | -9496388 |
Sierra Leone | 95590 | Australia | -9922634 |
Albania | 92221 | US | -27491736 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 90963 |
Table 2 in appendix
External land dependency for 207 countries/regions"
Country | Domestic harvested area (ha/year) | Net virtual-land import ha/year) | External land dependency |
---|---|---|---|
Bahrain | 0 | 42036 | N/A |
Bermuda | 0 | 89 | N/A |
Aruba | 0 | 1236 | N/A |
Cayman Islands | 0 | 134 | N/A |
Cook Islands | 0 | 27 | N/A |
Equatorial Guinea | 0 | 2061 | N/A |
Faroe Islands | 0 | 3308 | N/A |
French Polynesia | 0 | 4131 | N/A |
Kiribati | 0 | 1818 | N/A |
China, Hong Kong | 0 | 113223 | N/A |
Iceland | 0 | 21120 | N/A |
China, Macao | 0 | 7430 | N/A |
Nauru | 0 | 12 | N/A |
Netherlands Antilles | 0 | 1540 | N/A |
Niue | 0 | 4 | N/A |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0 | 919 | N/A |
Saint Lucia | 0 | 683 | N/A |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 0 | 5 | N/A |
Seychelles | 0 | 4054 | N/A |
Singapore | 0 | 141955 | N/A |
Tonga | 0 | 47 | N/A |
Tuvalu | 0 | 14 | N/A |
British Virgin Islands | 0 | 78 | N/A |
Samoa | 0 | 4001 | N/A |
Djibouti | 8 | 101444 | 12680.45 |
Mauritius | 79 | 76395 | 969.4771 |
United Arab Emirates | 1348 | 529476 | 392.7864 |
Barbados | 102 | 37782 | 371.8745 |
Qatar | 524 | 114497 | 218.5054 |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 41 | 8614 | 209.0683 |
Kuwait | 1838 | 292829 | 159.2845 |
Jamaica | 1812 | 247537 | 136.6398 |
Maldives | 71 | 6366 | 89.41679 |
Guam | 17 | 1367 | 82.36963 |
Oman | 3179 | 140984 | 44.34845 |
Papua New Guinea | 3649 | 159575 | 43.73127 |
Brunei Darussalam | 1614 | 59237 | 36.69754 |
Jordan | 61135 | 2175838 | 35.59059 |
New Caledonia | 1069 | 33984 | 31.7904 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 3441 | 90963 | 26.43648 |
Grenada | 345 | 9070 | 26.30414 |
Bahamas | 149 | 3085 | 20.67528 |
Israel | 84125 | 1649835 | 19.61176 |
Cyprus | 37032 | 667163 | 18.01575 |
Solomon Islands | 1104 | 15646 | 14.17457 |
Netherlands | 214211 | 2599105 | 12.13338 |
Congo | 15033 | 171554 | 11.4115 |
Fiji | 4416 | 50372 | 11.4068 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 42 | 400 | 9.512762 |
China, Taiwan | 274056 | 2370107 | 8.648252 |
Costa Rica | 71569 | 552873 | 7.725073 |
Malta | 3418 | 25056 | 7.33072 |
Libya | 344875 | 2288057 | 6.634461 |
Portugal | 302005 | 1838485 | 6.087596 |
Occupied Palestinian Territory | 25614 | 151591 | 5.918301 |
Lebanon | 56866 | 307742 | 5.411732 |
Japan | 2082021 | 11201864 | 5.380283 |
Saudi Arabia | 378857 | 2031040 | 5.36097 |
Dominican Republic | 194428 | 858426 | 4.415143 |
Venezuela | 1156968 | 5089433 | 4.398942 |
Cabo Verde | 31517 | 132540 | 4.205284 |
Republic of Korea | 1056738 | 3547290 | 3.356831 |
Belgium | 323792 | 1059951 | 3.273554 |
Botswana | 116100 | 337530 | 2.907228 |
Lesotho | 176601 | 495154 | 2.803802 |
Dominica | 134 | 373 | 2.776378 |
Yemen | 716132 | 1855308 | 2.590733 |
Cuba | 347296 | 869336 | 2.503153 |
Montenegro | 4776 | 11827 | 2.47617 |
Swaziland | 57835 | 143101 | 2.47432 |
Malaysia | 681726 | 1515052 | 2.222379 |
Georgia | 193377 | 420378 | 2.173876 |
Vanuatu | 1436 | 3092 | 2.153605 |
Algeria | 2595359 | 5283623 | 2.035796 |
Colombia | 1117125 | 2272798 | 2.034507 |
Gabon | 27552 | 53846 | 1.954316 |
Panama | 159076 | 295734 | 1.859073 |
Comoros | 19923 | 32637 | 1.638174 |
Peru | 1180361 | 1845530 | 1.56353 |
Tunisia | 1064240 | 1516452 | 1.424915 |
Somalia | 547519 | 768800 | 1.404153 |
Honduras | 453727 | 632844 | 1.39477 |
Norway | 305381 | 385292 | 1.261676 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 1280 | 1562 | 1.220426 |
Morocco | 5202344 | 6138032 | 1.179859 |
Armenia | 158815 | 175220 | 1.103296 |
Ecuador | 836617 | 873227 | 1.043759 |
Senegal | 471980 | 463390 | 0.981798 |
Gambia | 118933 | 115396 | 0.970265 |
Switzerland | 143224 | 138553 | 0.967389 |
Chile | 525426 | 499125 | 0.949942 |
Mauritania | 225367 | 205813 | 0.913233 |
Syrian Arab Republic | 2978814 | 2709493 | 0.909588 |
Namibia | 49214 | 43297 | 0.87977 |
Iraq | 2194160 | 1898973 | 0.865467 |
Egypt | 3071090 | 2517040 | 0.819592 |
C?te d’Ivoire | 757427 | 617596 | 0.815387 |
Eritrea | 348968 | 273103 | 0.782603 |
Liberia | 227792 | 171749 | 0.753975 |
El Salvador | 357343 | 257957 | 0.721875 |
Guatemala | 812813 | 577794 | 0.710857 |
Italy | 3795662 | 2511334 | 0.661633 |
Zimbabwe | 1897122 | 1243656 | 0.655549 |
Albania | 144483 | 92221 | 0.638282 |
Mexico | 9807793 | 6250096 | 0.637258 |
Azerbaijan | 926739 | 563093 | 0.607607 |
Spain | 6101613 | 3535743 | 0.579477 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 300516 | 162307 | 0.540096 |
New Zealand | 136832 | 73689 | 0.53854 |
Slovenia | 95287 | 50966 | 0.534869 |
Ireland | 292372 | 150592 | 0.515071 |
Greece | 1075372 | 467651 | 0.434874 |
Haiti | 558282 | 240268 | 0.43037 |
Germany | 6308509 | 2656802 | 0.421146 |
Cameroon | 1572667 | 655903 | 0.417064 |
Kenya | 2225932 | 846853 | 0.380449 |
Sri Lanka | 1044338 | 388194 | 0.371713 |
Angola | 1389877 | 512591 | 0.368803 |
Tajikistan | 419941 | 154086 | 0.366924 |
Mongolia | 216505 | 73688 | 0.340354 |
Mozambique | 2524021 | 831303 | 0.329357 |
Bhutan | 64497 | 19551 | 0.303131 |
Iran | 8977052 | 2708283 | 0.30169 |
Nicaragua | 465976 | 137253 | 0.29455 |
Kyrgyzstan | 587278 | 171738 | 0.29243 |
China, mainland | 95926026 | 25781790 | 0.268767 |
Guinea-Bissau | 122888 | 28843 | 0.234711 |
Ghana | 1327241 | 310273 | 0.233773 |
Nigeria | 13199408 | 3007082 | 0.227819 |
Burundi | 222385 | 45856 | 0.206202 |
Congo, DR | 1972782 | 398694 | 0.202097 |
United Kingdom | 3042437 | 612499 | 0.201318 |
Macedonia | 170815 | 33389 | 0.19547 |
Sudan (former) | 6850399 | 1317915 | 0.192385 |
Indonesia | 17327619 | 3325665 | 0.191929 |
Philippines | 7039240 | 1334338 | 0.189557 |
Belize | 28034 | 5246 | 0.187119 |
Luxembourg | 25402 | 4693 | 0.184755 |
Tanzania | 4930370 | 908146 | 0.184194 |
Sierra Leone | 570478 | 95590 | 0.167561 |
Rwanda | 427070 | 66663 | 0.156093 |
South Africa | 3663430 | 570190 | 0.155644 |
Uganda | 1551600 | 227905 | 0.146884 |
Benin | 1036465 | 148063 | 0.142854 |
Ethiopia | 6143549 | 864130 | 0.140656 |
Turkey | 12070141 | 1682336 | 0.13938 |
Bangladesh | 11938752 | 1464979 | 0.122708 |
Guinea | 1300539 | 149275 | 0.114779 |
Korea, DPR | 1556132 | 175929 | 0.113055 |
Afghanistan | 2933000 | 292335 | 0.099671 |
Timor-Leste | 101481 | 8285 | 0.081642 |
Chad | 1191948 | 89898 | 0.075421 |
Turkmenistan | 909898 | 67181 | 0.073834 |
Togo | 769537 | 53398 | 0.06939 |
Niger | 2959222 | 181457 | 0.061319 |
Madagascar | 1729575 | 88253 | 0.051026 |
Burkina Faso | 2507613 | 117850 | 0.046997 |
Austria | 773020 | 33355 | 0.04315 |
Bolivia | 1896329 | 72615 | 0.038292 |
Belarus | 1968230 | 74177 | 0.037687 |
Uzbekistan | 1546120 | 57307 | 0.037065 |
Nepal | 3155971 | 106546 | 0.03376 |
Mali | 2399517 | 74023 | 0.030849 |
Malawi | 1780026 | 37283 | 0.020945 |
Central African Republic | 211306 | 3926 | 0.018582 |
Suriname | 50169 | 566 | 0.011272 |
Poland | 5598390 | 40525 | 0.007239 |
French Guiana | 2937 | 0 | 0 |
Montserrat | 16 | 0 | 0 |
Micronesia | 145 | 0 | 0 |
Puerto Rico | 313 | 0 | 0 |
Réunion | 1847 | 0 | 0 |
Western Sahara | 3210 | 0 | 0 |
Myanmar | 8791644 | -31085 | -0.00354 |
Viet Nam | 8793695 | -123817 | -0.01408 |
Cambodia | 3010111 | -51372 | -0.01707 |
Laos | 1013995 | -23863 | -0.02353 |
India | 98280538 | -2339266 | -0.0238 |
Denmark | 1445560 | -47363 | -0.03276 |
Pakistan | 12853408 | -763843 | -0.05943 |
Guyana | 126099 | -8251 | -0.06543 |
Zambia | 972373 | -64596 | -0.06643 |
Slovakia | 756406 | -69767 | -0.09224 |
Thailand | 12551109 | -1216772 | -0.09695 |
Croatia | 596105 | -61967 | -0.10395 |
Sweden | 941866 | -121542 | -0.12904 |
Romania | 5116961 | -709695 | -0.13869 |
Moldova | 942070 | -133933 | -0.14217 |
Serbia | 2038082 | -300503 | -0.14744 |
Finland | 1075940 | -163867 | -0.1523 |
Russia | 40285302 | -6692039 | -0.16612 |
Czech Republic | 1470762 | -296855 | -0.20184 |
Estonia | 289268 | -58421 | -0.20196 |
Brazil | 41761186 | -9496388 | -0.2274 |
Kazakhstan | 15545136 | -4555794 | -0.29307 |
US | 88441963 | -27491736 | -0.31084 |
Ukraine | 15163800 | -4758761 | -0.31382 |
Lithuania | 917500 | -297548 | -0.3243 |
Argentina | 26511894 | -8928639 | -0.33678 |
Latvia | 507980 | -174263 | -0.34305 |
Bulgaria | 1712390 | -622897 | -0.36376 |
France | 9102805 | -3766286 | -0.41375 |
Hungary | 2664717 | -1218750 | -0.45737 |
Australia | 19594911 | -9922634 | -0.50639 |
Canada | 15971880 | -8115493 | -0.50811 |
Paraguay | 3948183 | -2298939 | -0.58228 |
Uruguay | 1506166 | -900625 | -0.59796 |
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