Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2016, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4): 415-438.doi: 10.1007/s11442-016-1277-0
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Yue FANG1,2,3, Weiming Cheng2,4(), Yichi Zhang5(
), Nan WANG2,3, Shangmin ZHAO6, Chenghu ZHOU1,2, Xi CHEN1, Anming BAO1
Received:
2015-01-15
Accepted:
2015-10-10
Online:
2016-04-25
Published:
2016-04-25
About author:
Author: Fang Yue (1986-), PhD, E-mail:
*Corresponding author: Cheng Weiming (1973-), Professor, E-mail:
Supported by:
Yue FANG, Weiming Cheng, Yichi Zhang, Nan WANG, Shangmin ZHAO, Chenghu ZHOU, Xi CHEN, Anming BAO. Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(4): 415-438.
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Table 1
Summary of the 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau included in the present study"
Lake Name | Elevation(m) | Supplement | Geomorphological regions | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
Qinghai Lake | 3200 | Runoff, spring, precipitation | Qaidam Basin | Shao et al. (2007); Liu et al. (2008) ; Song et al. (2013); Zhang et al. (2014a); Yan et al. (2015) |
Har Lake | 4078 | Glacier melting, precipitation | Qilian Mountains | Guo et al. (2003); Shao et al. (2007); Song et al. (2013);Yan et al. (2014) |
Ulan Ul Lake | 4917 | Runoff, glacier melting | Changtang Plateau | Shao et al. (2007); Song et al. (2013); Jiang et al. (2014); Yan et al. (2014) |
Xijin Ulan Lake | 4769 | Runoff, glacier melting | Changtang Plateau | Wang et al. (2013); Yao et al. (2013); Yan et al. (2014) |
Dogai Coring Lake | 4782 | Glacier melting | Changtang Plateau | Wang et al. (2013); Yao et al. (2013); Yan et al. (2014) |
Hoh Xil Lake | 4878 | Glacier melting | Changtang Plateau | Wang et al. (2013); Yao et al. (2013); Yan et al. (2014) |
Chibuzhang Co | 4931 | Glacier melting, runoff | Changtang Plateau | Shao et al. (2007); Wan et al. (2014); Yan et al. (2014) |
Ayakekum Lake | 3876 | Glacier melting | Altun Mountains | Shao et al. (2007); Song et al. (2013); Li et al. (2014) |
Aksai Chin Lake | 4990 | Runoff | Changtang Plateau | Li et al. (2014) |
Siling Co | 4530 | Glacier melting, precipitation | Gangdise Mountains | Shao et al. (2007); Bian et al. (2010); Zhang et al. (2011c); Liao et al. (2013); Song et al. (2013) |
Nam Co | 4718 | Precipitation, glacier melting | Gangdise Mountains | Wu et al. (2007); Niu et al. (2008); Chen et al. (2009); Zhu et al. (2010); La et al. (2011); Ma et al. (2012); Liao et al. (2013); Song et al. (2013); Song et al. (2014) |
Yamzhog Yumco Lake | 4440 | Precipitation, glacier melting | Himalaya Mountains | Bian et al. (2009); Chu et al. (2012); Liao et al. (2013); Song et al. (2013); Zhao et al. (2014) |
Zige Tang Co | 4560 | Runoff, precipitation | Tanggula Mountains | Lei et al. (2009); Song et al. (2013) |
Zhari Nam Co | 4613 | Glacier melting, precipitation | Changtang Plateau | Shao et al. (2007); Zhang et al. (2011b); Liao et al. (2013); Song et al. (2013); Deji et al. (2014); Zhang et al. (2014b) |
Tangra Yum Co | 4528 | Precipitation, runoff | Changtang Plateau | Shao et al. (2007); Huang et al. (2012); La et al. (2012); Liao et al. (2013); Song et al. (2013) |
Cuona Lake | 4800 | Runoff, precipitation | Changtang Plateau | Huang et al. (2012) |
Mapam Yum Co | 6638 | Glacier melting, precipitation | Himalayan Mountains | Guo et al. (2007); Niu et al. (2008); Ye et al. (2008); La et al. (2011); Song et al. (2013); Li et al. (2014); Zhang et al. (2014b) |
Lhanag-tso Lake | 4573 | Runoff | Himalayan Mountains | La et al. (2011); Liao et al. (2013) |
Co’e Lake | 4562 | Runoff, precipitation | Gangdise Mountains | Bian et al. (2010); Huang et al. (2012) |
Yagen Co | 4866 | Runoff, precipitation | Tanggula Mountains | Bian et al. (2010) |
Dorsoidong Co | 4749 | Glacier melting, runoff | Tanggula Mountains | Song et al. (2013) |
Bange Co | 4527 | Runoff, precipitation | Changtang Plateau | Huang et al. (2012) |
Dagze Co | 4461 | Glacier melting, precipitation | Changtang Plateau | Qiao et al. (2010); Song et al. (2013) |
Geren Co | 4650 | Runoff, precipitation | Gangdise Mountains | Huang et al. (2012) |
Angzi Co | 4683 | Runoff, precipitation | Changtang Plateau | Huang et al. (2012); Song et al. (2013) |
Bamu Co | 4555 | Runoff, precipitation | Tanggula Mountains | Huang et al. (2012) |
Peng Co | 4522 | Runoff, precipitation | Tanggula Mountains | Huang et al. (2012) |
Margai CaKa Lake | 4785 | Precipitation, glacier melting | Changtang Plateau | |
Meima Co | 4920 | Glacier melting | Changtang Plateau | |
Ngangla Ringco Lake | 4715 | Glacier melting, precipitation | Gangdise Mountains | Shao et al. (2007); Zhang et al. (2014b); Song et al. (2013) |
Puma Yum Co | 5030 | Runoff, glacier melting | Himalayan Mountains | Niu et al. (2008); Liao et al. (2013); Song et al. (2013); Zhang et al. (2014b) |
Bangong Co | 4242 | Runoff, glacier melting | Kunlun Mountains | Shao et al. (2007); Song et al. (2013) |
Peiku Co | 4590 | Runoff, precipitation | Himalayan Mountains | Liao et al. (2013); Zhang et al. (2014b) |
Gozha Co | 5080 | Glacier melting | Changtang Plateau | Liao et al. (2013) |
Tarong Co | 4566 | Precipitation, glacier melting | Himalayan Mountains | Zhang et al. (2014b) |
Table 2
Locations of alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau"
Regions | Lakes |
---|---|
Himalayan Mountain region | Ngangla Ringco Lake, Lhanag-tso Lake, Mapam Yum Co |
Yamzhog Yumco Lake, Puma Yum Co, Cuona Lake, Peiku Co, Tarong Co | |
Karakoram Mountain region | Bangong Co |
Changtang Plateau | Nam Co, Siling Co, Tangra Yum Co, Zhari Nam Co, Angzi Co, Geren Co, Yagen Co, Co’e Lake, Dagze Co, Bamu Co, Peng Co, Zige Tang Co, Bange Co, Dorsoidong Co, Chibuzhang Co, Ulan Ul Lake, Xijin Ulan Lake, Dogai Coring Lake, Margai CaKa Lake, Meima Co, Gozha Co, Aksai Chin Lake |
Kunlun Mountain region | Ayakekum Lake |
Qaidam Basin | Qinghai Lake |
Qilian Mountain region | Har Lake |
Figure 10
Types of lake area variation on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years I (i): Linear rising; I (ii): Concave exponential rising; I (iii): Convex logarithmic rising; II (i): Gentle falling-steep rising; II (ii): Steep falling-steep rising; II (iii): Steep falling-gentle rising; III: Rising-falling; IV: Fluctuating; V: Falling"
Table 3
Variations in water levels of alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau (m)"
Sources | Wang et al., 2013 | Zhang et al., 2011b | Song et al., 2013 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | 2003 | 2009 | Change | 2003 | 2009 | Change | 2003 | 2009 | Change |
Yagen Co | 4871.01 | 4871.66 | 0.65 | ||||||
Ayakekum Lake | 3833.458 | 3834.797 | 1.339 | 3878.89 | 3880.49 | 1.6 | 3878.89 | 3880.49 | 1.6 |
Siling Co | 4539.37 | 4543.76 | 4.39 | 4539.41 | 4543.74 | 4.33 | 4539.37 | 4543.76 | 4.39 |
Zige Tang Co | 4567.83 | 4569.74 | 1.91 | 4567.87 | 4569.64 | 1.77 | 4533.811 | 4535.675 | 1.864 |
Nam Co | 4690.71 | 4691.816 | 1.106 | 4723.38 | 4725.43 | 2.05 | 4722.74 | 4725.5 | 2.76 |
Aksai Chin Lake | 4824.511 | 4826.738 | 2.227 | ||||||
Dorsoidong Co | 4932.96 | 4934.99 | 2.03 | 4932.96 | 4934.99 | 2.03 | |||
Meima Co | 4894.563 | 4897.509 | 2.946 | ||||||
Chibuzhang Co | 4897.243 | 4898.635 | 1.392 | ||||||
Angzi Co | 4656.866 | 4658.989 | 2.123 | 4686.8 | 4688.78 | 1.98 | 4686.37 | 4689.24 | 2.87 |
Puma Yum Co | 4983.02 | 4982.482 | -0.538 | 5011.28 | 5010.77 | -0.51 | 5010.3 | 5011.25 | 0.95 |
Har Lake | 4031.418 | 4032.069 | 0.651 | 4076.97 | 4077.68 | 0.71 | 4076.75 | 4077.68 | 0.93 |
Xijin Ulan Lake | 4732.163 | 4733.921 | 1.758 | 4771.89 | 4773.69 | 1.8 | 4771.71 | 4773.69 | 1.98 |
Ulan Ul Lake | 4817.656 | 4819.054 | 1.398 | 4855.92 | 4858.21 | 2.29 | |||
Dogai Coring Lake | 4781.508 | 4782.68 | 1.172 | 4819.1 | 4819.95 | 0.85 | 4818.64 | 4820.18 | 1.54 |
Hoh Xil Lake | 4846.519 | 4847.82 | 1.301 | 4887.13 | 4888.36 | 1.23 | 4886.93 | 4889 | 2.07 |
Tangra Yum Co | 4506.757 | 4508.091 | 1.334 | 4536.68 | 4537.46 | 0.78 | 4566.78 | 4568.82 | 2.04 |
Zhari Nam Co | 4582.81 | 4583.666 | 0.856 | 4612.38 | 4614.57 | 2.19 | 4612.72 | 4614.51 | 1.79 |
Tarong Co | 4538.862 | 4540.081 | 1.219 | 4567.37 | 4568.58 | 1.21 | 4566.78 | 4568.82 | 2.04 |
Mapam Yum Co | 4563.032 | 4562.781 | -0.251 | 4586.35 | 4586.76 | 0.41 | 4585.95 | 4587.1 | 1.15 |
Bangong Co | 4219.819 | 4220.274 | 0.455 | ||||||
Qinghai Lake | 3149.412 | 3149.951 | 0.539 | 3193.35 | 3194.02 | 0.67 | 3193.06 | 3194.1 | 1.04 |
Ngangla Ringco Lake | 4688.559 | 4688.9 | 0.341 | 4716.39 | 4716.69 | 0.3 | 4715.48 | 4716.79 | 1.31 |
Geren Co | 4664.91 | 4665.18 | 0.27 | ||||||
Peiku Co | 4553.01 | 4552.049 | -0.961 | 4578.61 | 4578.61 | ||||
Yamzhog Yumco Lake | 4411.003 | 4408.481 | -2.522 | 4441.53 | 4438.85 | -2.68 | 4438.94 | 4442.37 | 3.43 |
Figure 11
Variations in annual precipitation of different regions on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years (a) west of the Himalayan Mountains; (b) east of the Himalayan Mountains; (c) west of the Naqu region; (d) east of the Naqu region; (e) north of the Naqu Region; (f) east of the Hoh Xil region and Kunlun Mountains; (g) west of the Hoh Xil region and Karakoram Mountains; (h) the Qaidam Basin and Qilian Mountains"
Figure 12
Variations in the annual temperature anomaly of different regions on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years (a) Himalayan Mountains; (b) the Naqu region; (c) east of the Hoh Xil region and Kunlun Mountains; (d) west of the Hoh Xil region and Karakoram Mountains; (e) Qaidam Basin and the Qilian Mountains"
Table 4
Changes in glaciers in different regions of the Tibetan Plateau"
Mts (Plateau) | The First Chinese Glacier Inventory | The Second Chinese Glacier Inventory | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Area | Storage | Number | Area | Storage | |||
Karakoram Mountains | 3454 | 6231 | 868 | 5316 | 5988.67 | 592.86 | ||
Kunlun Mountains | 7694 | 12266 | 1283 | 8922 | 11524.13 | 1106.34 | ||
Altun Mountains | 235 | 275 | 16 | 466 | 295.11 | 15.36 | ||
Qilian Mountains | 2815 | 1931 | 93 | 2683 | 1597.81 | 84.48 | ||
Changtang Plateau | 958 | 1802 | 162 | 1162 | 1917.74 | 157.29 | ||
Tanggula Mountains | 1530 | 2213 | 184 | 1595 | 1843.91 | 140.34 | ||
Gangdise Mountains | 3538 | 1766 | 81 | 3703 | 1296.33 | 56.62 | ||
Nyainqêntanglha Mountains | 7080 | 10701 | 1001 | 6860 | 9559.2 | 835.3 | ||
Himalayan Mountains | 6475 | 8412 | 709 | 6027 | 6820.98 | 522.16 | ||
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