Spatial-temporal variations of lake ice phenology in the Hoh Xil region from 2000 to 2011

doi:10.1007/s11442-016-1255-6

Abstract

Abstract:

Lake ice phenology, i.e. the timing of freeze-up and break-up and the duration of the ice cover, is regarded as an important indicator of changes in regional climate. Based on the boundary data of lakes, some moderate-high resolution remote sensing datasets including MODIS and Landsat TM/ETM+ images and the meteorological data, the spatial-temporal variations of lake ice phenology in the Hoh Xil region during the period 2000-2011 were analyzed by using RS and GIS technology. And the factors affecting the lake ice phenology were also identified. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) The time of freeze-up start (FUS) and freeze-up end (FUE) of lake ice appeared in the late October-early November, mid-November - early December, respectively. The duration of lake ice freeze-up was about half a month. The time of break-up start (BUS) and break-up end (BUE) of lake ice were relatively dispersed, and appeared in the early February - early June, early May - early June, respectively. The average ice duration (ID) and the complete ice duration (CID) of lakes were 196 days and 181 days, respectively. (2) The phenology of lake ice in the Hoh Xil region changed dramatically in the last 10 years. Specifically, the FUS and FUE time of lake ice showed an increasingly delaying trend. In contrast, the BUS and BUE time of lake ice presented an advance. This led to the reduction of the ID and CID of lake. The average rates of ID and CID were -2.21 d/a and -1.91 d/a, respectively. (3) The variations of phenology and evolution of lake ice were a result of local and climatic factors. The temperature, lake area, salinity and shape of the shoreline were the main factors affecting the phenology of lake ice. However, the other factors such as the thermal capacity and the geological structure of lake should not be ignored as well. (4) The spatial process of lake ice freeze-up was contrary to its break-up process. The type of lake ice extending from one side of lakeshore to the opposite side was the most in the Hoh Xil region.

Key words: lake ice, phenology, climate change, Hoh Xil region, Tibetan Plateau

Xiaojun YAO, Long LI, Jun ZHAO, Meiping SUN, Jing LI, Peng GONG, Lina AN. Spatial-temporal variations of lake ice phenology in the Hoh Xil region from 2000 to 2011[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(1): 70-82.

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Lake			Lake ice phenology
Name	Area (km²)	Elevation (m a.s.l.)	FUS	FUE	BUS	BUE	CID (days)	ID (days)
Ulan Ula Lake	563.79	4854	297±2	321±4	116±23	164±8	160±23	208±11
Dogai Coring	459.62	4921	308±16	353±8	61±8	112±15	72±11	124±20
Xijir Ulan Lake	395.95	4769	301±8	350±18	34±23	127±15	49±33	142±19
Hoh Xil Lake	319.43	4878	300±3	318±3	161±4	174±6	208±4	221±7
Dogaicoring Qangco	313.08	4787	310±13	327±17	107±31	124±24	146±49	163±42
Hoh Sail Lake	268.01	4475	318±2	337±3	129±5	141±8	157±6	169±9
Huiten Nor	261.32	4751	312±5	326±2	146±6	160±7	185±7	198±9
Lisioidain Co	246.27	4867	319±6	334±6	109±17	126±12	140±22	158±18
Dorge Co	205.33	4688	300±7	310±8	116±13	147±9	171±16	202±14
Memar Co	147.77	4920	304±5	322±5	145±6	167±8	188±10	210±11
MargaiCaka	144.19	4785	300±6	310±5	137±7	153±8	192±10	208±12
Rola Co	142.63	4807	293±6	311±3	128±8	150±9	182±9	204±11
Co Nyi	137.73	4902	296±3	315±6	121±16	160±6	171±20	210±11
Bairab Co	136.25	4958	302±7	319±5	152±8	167±8	197±11	212±11
Jianshui Lake	129.65	4884	291±4	307±4	146±8	161±9	204±11	219±12
Yuye Lake	120.16	4850	283±2	304±7	153±15	166±12	214±18	227±16
Yang Lake	118.12	4778	296±3	315±6	148±5	161±4	198±10	210±9
Yinma Lake	107.41	4918	289±2	311±2	135±19	166±8	189±20	220±10
Aru Co	105.16	4940	313±5	331±6	81±17	134±12	115±15	168±13
Taiyang Lake	101.91	4882	316±4	329±3	145±11	164±9	181±13	201±10
Xiangyang Lake	100.58	4870	300±4	310±3	150±7	162±2	205±9	217±5
Heishibei Lake	100.55	5048	301±6	317±5	159±3	169±4	207±4	217±6

Lake ice phenology	Lake area	Lake shape index	Altitude	Salinity	Annual temperature
FUS	0.22	-0.72^**	-0.24	0.03	0.26
FUE	0.59^**	-0.28	-0.15	0.55^**	0.49^*
BUS	-0.53^**	-0.03	0.12	-0.65^**	-0.69^**
BUE	-0.43^*	0.18	0.28	-0.62^**	-0.61^**
CID	-0.58^**	-0.25	0.26	-0.04	-0.75^**
ID	-0.53^**	0.24	0.24	-0.63^**	-0.60^**

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