A spatial-temporal analysis of urban recreational business districts: A case study in Beijing, China

doi:10.1007/s11442-015-1249-9

Abstract

Abstract:

This study has revealed spatial-temporal changes in Recreational Business Districts (RBDs) in Beijing and examined the relationship between the location of urban RBDs and traffic conditions, resident and tourist density, scenic spots, and land prices. A more reasonable classification of urban RBDs (LSC, CPS, and ULA) is also proposed. Quantitative methods such as Gini Coefficient, Spatial Interpolation, Kernel Density Estimation, and Geographical Detector were employed to collect and analyze the data from three types of urban RBDs in Beijing in 1990, 2000, and 2014, respectively, and the spatial-temporal patterns as well as the distribution characteristics of urban RBDs were analyzed using ArcGIS software. It was concluded that (1) both the number and scale of urban RBDs in Beijing have been expanding and the trend for all types of urban RBDs in Beijing to be spatially agglomerated is continuing; (2) the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of urban RBDs in Beijing is “single-core agglomeration-dual-core agglomeration-multi-core diffusion”; and (3) urban RBDs were always located in areas with low traffic density, tourist attractions, high resident and tourist population density, and relatively high land valuations; these factors also affect the scale size of RBDs.

Key words: urban RBD, spatial-temporal pattern, distribution characteristics, Beijing

He ZHU, Jiaming LIU, Chen CHEN, Jing LIN, Hui TAO. A spatial-temporal analysis of urban recreational business districts: A case study in Beijing, China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(12): 1521-1536.

Figures/Tables 9

Figure 1

Table 1

Table 2

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Table 3

References 43

1	Arbia G, 2001. The role of spatial effects in the empirical analysis of regional concentration.Geographical Systems, 3(3): 271-281. doi: 10.1007/PL00011480
2	Ashworth G J, Tunbridge J E, 1990. The Tourist-historic City: Retrospect and Prospect of Managing the Heritage City. London: Belhaven.
3	Bao J, Gu S, 1998. Tentative research on RBDs of cities.Planners, 59(14): 59-64, 126. (in Chinese)
4	Bian X, Zhang S, 2004. Research on the exploration and development of urban recreational business districts.Economic Geography, 24(2): 206-211. (in Chinese)
5	Battino S, Borruso G, Donato C, 2014. Some preliminary remarks on the recreational business district in the city of Sassari: A social network approach. In: Murgante B et al. ICCSA 2014, Part II, LNCS 8580, 629-641. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-09129-7_45
6	Bramwell B, Rawding L, 1996. Tourism marketing images of industrial cities.Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1): 201-221. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(95)00061-5
7	Burtenshaw D, Bateman M, Ashworth G, 1991. The European City: A Western Perspective. London: David Fulton Publishers.
8	Butler R, 1991. West Edmonton mall as a tourist attraction.Canadian Geographer, 35(2): 87-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0064.1991.tb01103.x
9	Daly C, Neilson R P, Phillips D L, 1994. A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain.Journal of Applied Meteorology, 33: 140-158.
10	Daskalopoulou I, Petrou A, 2009. Urbantourism competitiveness: Networks and the regional asset base.Urban Studies, 46(4): 779-801. doi: 10.1177/0042098009102129
11	Edwards D, Grifﬁn T, Hayllar B, 2008. Urban tourism research: Developing an agenda.Annals of Tourism Research, 35(4): 1031-1052. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2008.07.004
12	Getz D, 1993. Planning for the tourism business district.Annals of Tourism Research, 20: 583-600. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(93)90011-Q
13	Hayllar B, Griffin T, 2005. The precinct experience: A phenomenological approach.Tourism Management, 26(4): 517-528. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.03.011
14	Hoffman L M, Fainstein S S, Judd D R, 2003. Cities and Visitors: Regulating People, Markets, and City Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
15	Hou G, Huang Z, 2002. Research on the formed mechanism and spatial structure of urban business recreation district.Human Geography, 17(5): 12-16. (in Chinese)
16	Jeffrey S J, Carter J O, Moodie K Bet al., 2001. Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data.Environmental Modelling & Software, 16: 309-330. doi: 10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00008-1
17	Judd D R, 1995. Promoting tourism in US cities.Tourism Management,16(3): 175-187. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(94)00018-6
18	Krugman P R, 1991. Geography and Trade. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
19	Law C M, 1992. Urban tourism and its contribution to economic regeneration.Urban Studies, 29: 599-618. doi: 10.1080/00420989220080581
20	Li Limei, Tao W, 2003. Spatial structure evolution of system of recreation business district.Chinese Geographical Science, 13(4): 370-377. doi: 10.1007/s11769-003-0045-0
21	Li Ling, Gu S, Hu K, 2003. Spatial analysis method for metropolitan land price and its application in Beijing.Resources Science, 25(4): 85-92. (in Chinese)
22	Li Mimi, Fang L, Huang X, 2015. A spatial-temporal analysis of hotels in urban tourism destination.International Journal of Hospitality Management, 45(2): 34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.11.005
23	Liu Y, Yang R, 2012. The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China.Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(8): 1011-1020. (in Chinese) doi: 10.11821/xb201208001
24	Matheron G, 1971. The theory of regionalized variables and its applications. Les Cahiers de Morphologie Mathematique (Fontainebleau).Fasc.5: 218.
25	Meyer-Arendt K, 1990. Recreational business districts in Gulf of Mexico seaside resorts.Journal of Cultural Geography, 11: 39-55. doi: 10.1080/08873639009478436
26	Page S, 1995. Urban Tourism, London: Longman.
27	Pearce D G, 1989. Tourist Development. London: Longman.
28	Pearce D G, 1998. Tourism development in Paris: Public intervention.Annals of Tourism Research, 25(2): 457-476. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00096-0
29	Pearce D G, 2001. An integrative framework for urban tourism research.Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4): 926-946. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00082-7
30	Perry M, Hollis D, 2005. The generation of monthly gridded datasets for a range of climatic variables over the UK. International Journal of Climatology, 25: 1041-1054. doi: 10.1002/joc.1161
31	Ren Y, Deng L, Zuo Set al., 2014. Geographical modeling of the spatial interaction between human activity and forest connectivity in an urban landscape of southeast China.Landscape Ecology, 29(10): 1741-1758. doi: 10.1007/s10980-014-0094-z
32	Seaman D E, Powell R A, 1996. An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis.Ecological Society of America, 77(7): 2075-2085. doi: 10.2307/2265701
33	Shaw G, Williams A M, 1994. Critical Issues in Tourism-A Geographical Perspective. Portland: Blackwell.
34	Smith S, 1983. Recreation Geography. London: Longman.
35	Stansfield C A Jr.1969. Recreational land use patterns within an American seaside resort.The Tourist Review, 24(4): 128-136. doi: 10.1108/eb059963
36	Stansfield C A, Rickert J E, 1970. The recreational business district.Journual of Leisure Research, 4: 213-225.
37	Taylor V, 1975. The recreational business district: A component of the East London urban morphology.South Africa Geography, 5: 139-144.
38	Wang J F, Hu Y, 2012. Environmental health risk detection with geodetector.Environmental Modelling & Software, 33: 114-115. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.01.015
39	Wang J F, Li X H, Christakos Get al., 2010. Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region, China.International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 24(1): 107-127. doi: 10.1080/13658810802443457
40	Wong T C, 2004. The changing role of the central business district in the digital era: The future of Singapore’s new financial district.Land Use Policy, 21: 33-44.
41	Yan X P, Zhou C S, Leng Yet al., 2000. Functional features and spatial structure of CBDs in Guangzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica, 55(4): 475-486. (in Chinese)
42	Yu S, He S-B, 2003. The research of RBD destribution.Human Geography, 18(4): 10-15. (in Chinese)
43	Zhang J, Sang Z, 2006. A comparative study between CBD and RBD and the extension of their functions.Tourism Tribune, 21(12): 53-56. (in Chinese)

Year	LSC		CPS		ULA		Total
Year	Number	Scale (km²)	Number	Scale (km²)	Number	Scale (km²)	Number	Scale (km²)
1990	2	0.0149	13	0.3289	0	0	15	0.3439
2000	13	0.3449	16	2.5125	4	1.0920	33	3.9494
2014	37	2.3953	40	6.3984	11	4.6648	88	13.4584

	Year
	1990	2000	2014
Gini Coefficient of LSCs	0.5015	0.5280	0.5949
Gini Coefficient of CPSs	0.5228	0.5402	0.5998
Gini Coefficient of ULAs	-	0.5079	0.5287

	2000			2014
	LSC	CPS	ULA	LSC	CPS	ULA
Traffic conditions	0.11 b	0.24	0.38 b	0.07 b	0.05 b	0.14
Inhabitant density	0.34 a	0.21	0.41 b	0.27 a	0.08 b	0.24
Tourist density	0.45 a	0.28	0.44 b	0.29 a	0.36 a	0.32
Distance from attractions	0.20 b	0.21	0.72 a	0.14 b	0.03 b	0.43
Land prices	0.07 b	0.21	0.41 b	0.09 b	0.08 b	0.27

[1]	GAO Jiangbo, ZUO Liyuan. Revealing ecosystem services relationships and their driving factors for five basins of Beijing [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(1): 111-129.
[2]	SHI Xiaoli, DU Chenliang, GUO Xudong, SHI Wenjiao. Heterogeneity of water-retention capacity of forest and its influencing factors based on meta-analysis in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(1): 69-90.
[3]	ZHOU Kan, YIN Yue, LI Hui, SHEN Yuming. Driving factors and spatiotemporal effects of environmental stress in urban agglomeration: Evidence from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2021, 31(1): 91-110.
[4]	YANG Wenjie, GONG Qianwen, ZHANG Xueyan. Surplus or deficit? Quantifying the total ecological compensation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(4): 621-641.
[5]	Guohua HE, Yong ZHAO, Jianhua WANG, Yongnan ZHU, Shan JIANG, Haihong LI, Qingming WANG. The effects of urban water cycle on energy consumption in Beijing, China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(6): 959-970.
[6]	Liying GUO, Liping DI, Qing TIAN. Detecting spatio-temporal changes of arable land and construction land in the Beijing-Tianjin corridor during 2000-2015 [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(5): 702-718.
[7]	Liang WANG, Hui LIU. Comprehensive evaluation of regional resources and environmental carrying capacity using a PS-DR-DP theoretical model [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(3): 363-376.
[8]	SUN Wei, LI Qihang, LI Bo. Does geographic distance have a significant impact on enterprise financing costs? [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2019, 29(12): 1965-1980.
[9]	Fang WANG, Jing HE, Chunyan JIANG, Yixi LI. Evolution of the commercial blocks in ancient Beijing city from the street network perspective [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(6): 845-868.
[10]	Jiawen FANG. An analysis of the differentiation rules and influencing factors of venture capital in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(4): 514-528.
[11]	Jingtao YAO, Xiangbin KONG. Modeling the effects of land-use optimization on the soil organic carbon sequestration potential [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(11): 1641-1658.
[12]	Yu CHEN, Fengjun JIN, Yuqi LU, Zhuo CHEN, Yu YANG. Development history and accessibility evolution of land transportation network in Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei region over the past century [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(10): 1500-1518.
[13]	Wenhui KUANG, Tianrong YANG, Fengqin YAN. Examining urban land-cover characteristics and ecological regulation during the construction of Xiong’an New District, Hebei Province, China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2018, 28(1): 109-123.
[14]	Meifeng ZHAO, Shenghe LIU, Wei QI. Exploring the differential impacts of urban transit system on the spatial distribution of local and floating population in Beijing [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2017, 27(6): 731-751.
[15]	Degen WANG, Li WANG, Tian CHEN, Lin LU, Yu NIU, August Lew ALAN. HSR mechanisms and effects on the spatial structure of regional tourism in China [J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2016, 26(12): 1725-1753.