Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2015, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (12): 1439-1451.doi: 10.1007/s11442-015-1244-1
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Kexin LI, Tao LIANG*(), Zhiping YANG*(
), Zhiping YANG
Received:
2015-03-04
Accepted:
2015-05-10
Online:
2015-12-31
Published:
2015-12-31
Contact:
Tao LIANG,Zhiping YANG
E-mail:liangt@igsnrr.ac.cn;wanglq@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Author: Ren Huiru (1983-), PhD Candidate, specialized in coastal environment and modeling. E-mail:
Supported by:
Kexin LI, Tao LIANG, Zhiping YANG, Zhiping YANG. Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in road dust in Bayan Obo Mining Region in Inner Mongolia, North China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(12): 1439-1451.
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Table 1
The classification of contamination levels based on the Igeo values"
Igeo value | Class |
---|---|
Igeo ≤0 | Unpolluted |
0 < Igeo≤1 | Unpolluted/Moderately polluted |
1 < Igeo≤2 | Moderately polluted |
2 < Igeo≤3 | Moderately polluted/Strongly polluted |
3 < Igeo≤4 | Strongly polluted |
4 < Igeo≤5 | Strongly polluted/Extremely polluted |
Igeo > 5 | Extremely polluted |
Table 2
Exposure factors"
Factor | Definition | Value | Unit | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adults | Children | ||||
BW | Average body weight | 70 | 15 | kg | EPA, 1989 |
IngR | Ingestion rate | 100 | 200 | mg·day-1 | EPA, 1989 |
InhR | Inhalation rate | 20 | 7.6 | m3·day-1 | Zheng et al., 2010a |
PEF | Particle emission factor | 1.36×109 | m3·kg-1 | EPA, 2001 | |
SA | Surface areas of the skin that contacts the airborne particulates | 5700 | 2800 | cm-2 | EPA, 2004 |
SL | Skin adherence factor | 0.07 | 0.2 | mg·m-3 | |
EF | Exposure frequency | 180 | 180 | days·year-1 | Zheng et al., 2010a |
ED | Exposure duration | 24 | 6 | years | EPA,2001 |
ET | Exposure time | 24 | hours·day-1 | ||
AT (non-cancer risk) | Averaging time | ED×365 | days | ||
AT (cancer risk) | Averaging time | 70×365 | days | ||
ABS | Dermal absorption factor | 0.03 for As, 0.001 for other metals | - | EPA,2004 | |
CF | Conversion factor | 1×10-6 | kg·mg-1 |
Table 3
The concentrations of heavy metals in road dust collected in Bayan Obo (April 2014, mg·kg-1)"
Concentration | Maximum | Minimum | Mean | Geometric mean | Median | S.D. | Inner Mongolia B. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 4.63 | 1.21 | 2.20 | 2.05 | 1.83 | 0.90 | 0.037 |
Co | 41.27 | 20.65 | 26.94 | 26.62 | 25.74 | 4.49 | 9.0 |
Cr | 260.80 | 85.09 | 141.24 | 136.76 | 139.60 | 38.46 | 35.7 |
Cu | 51.09 | 20.49 | 36.39 | 35.75 | 36.36 | 6.79 | 12.7 |
Pb | 526.70 | 88.04 | 183.93 | 167.51 | 160.50 | 95.41 | 13.5 |
Zn | 729.00 | 192.00 | 299.37 | 283.92 | 261.80 | 117.51 | 47.5 |
As | 19.46 | 8.01 | 12.02 | 11.78 | 11.49 | 2.57 | 6.1 |
Ni | 49.82 | 24.96 | 31.25 | 30.85 | 29.41 | 5.52 | 16.6 |
Mn | 7956.00 | 1575.00 | 3407.30 | 3206.43 | 3172.00 | 1349.94 | 434.3 |
Table 4
The average concentrations of heavy metals in road dust in different areas (mg·kg-1)"
Concentration | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | As | Ni | Mn | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bayan Obo | 2.20 | 26.94 | 141.24 | 36.39 | 183.93 | 299.37 | 12.02 | 31.25 | 3407.30 | This study |
Hangzhou | 1.59 | 19.96 | 51.29 | 116.04 | 202.16 | 321.40 | 25.88 | 509.56 | Zhang and Wang, 2009 | |
Urumqi | 1.17 | 10.97 | 54.28 | 94.54 | 53.53 | 294.47 | 43.28 | 926.60 | Wei et al., 2009 | |
Shanghai | 1.23 | 159.30 | 196.80 | 294.90 | 733.80 | 83.98 | Shi et al., 2008 | |||
Baoji | 15.90 | 126.70 | 123.17 | 433.20 | 715.30 | 19.80 | 48.80 | 804.20 | Lu et al., 2009 | |
Nanjing | 139.0 | 238.0 | 113.0 | 307.0 | 47.0 | 786.0 | Liu et al., 2014 | |||
Inner Mongolia B. | 0.037 | 9.0 | 35.7 | 12.7 | 13.5 | 47.5 | 6.1 | 16.6 | 434.3 | Xu et al., 2004 Gao et al., 2007 |
China B. | 0.07 | 11.2 | 53.9 | 20.0 | 23.6 | 67.7 | 11.2 | 23.4 | 482.0 | Xu et al., 2004 |
Table 5
The average Igeo values of heavy metals in road dust in different areas"
Igeo | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn | As | Ni | Mn | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bayan Obo | 5.21 | 0.98 | 1.35 | 0.90 | 3.05 | 1.99 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 2.30 | This study |
Hangzhou | 3.14 | 0.10 | -1.10 | 1.70 | 2.42 | 1.51 | -0.88 | -0.98 | Zhang and Wang, 2009 | |
Urumqi | 0.80 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Wei et al., 2009 | |
Shanghai | 2.65 | 0.50 | 2.19 | 2.94 | 2.54 | 0.84 | Shi et al., 2008 | |||
Baoji | 1.79 | 3.19 | 2.58 | 3.04 | 0.17 | -0.21 | Lu et al., 2009 |
Table 7
HIs for each non-carcinogenic metal in road dust collected in Bayan Obo (April 2014)"
C (95%UCL) | Oral RfD | Inhal RfD | Dermal RfD | HQ ingestion | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Children | |||||
Cd | 2.59 | 1.00E-03 | 1.00E-03 | 5.00E-05 | 1.82E-03 | 1.70E-02 |
Cr | 157.87 | 3.00E-03 | 2.86E-05 | 6.00E-05 | 3.71E-02 | 3.46E-01 |
Cu | 39.33 | 4.00E-02 | 4.02E-02 | 1.20E-02 | 6.93E-04 | 6.47E-03 |
Pb | 225.19 | 3.50E-03 | 3.52E-03 | 5.25E-04 | 4.53E-02 | 4.23E-01 |
Zn | 350.18 | 3.00E-01 | 3.00E-01 | 6.00E-02 | 8.22E-04 | 7.68E-03 |
Ni | 33.63 | 2.00E-02 | 2.06E-02 | 5.40E-03 | 1.18E-03 | 1.11E-02 |
Co | 28.88 | 2.00E-02 | 5.71E-06 | 1.60E-02 | 1.02E-03 | 9.49E-03 |
As | 13.13 | 3.00E-04 | 3.01E-04 | 1.23E-04 | 3.08E-02 | 2.88E-01 |
Mn | 3991.06 | 4.60E-02 | 1.43E-05 | 1.84E-03 | 6.11E-02 | 5.70E-01 |
Sum | 1.80E-01 | 1.68E+00 | ||||
HQ inhalation | HQ dermal | HI | ||||
Adult | Children | Adult | Children | Adult | Children | |
Cd | 2.81E-07 | 4.98E-07 | 1.52E-04 | 9.98E-04 | 1.98E-03 | 1.80E-02 |
Cr | 5.71E-04 | 1.01E-03 | 7.39E-03 | 4.84E-02 | 4.50E-02 | 3.95E-01 |
Cu | 1.01E-07 | 1.80E-07 | 1.00E-05 | 6.55E-05 | 7.03E-04 | 6.53E-03 |
Pb | 6.98E-06 | 1.24E-05 | 1.27E-03 | 8.32E-03 | 4.66E-02 | 4.31E-01 |
Zn | 1.34E-07 | 2.38E-07 | 1.82E-05 | 1.19E-04 | 8.41E-04 | 7.79E-03 |
Ni | 1.65E-07 | 2.93E-07 | 1.71E-05 | 1.12E-04 | 1.20E-03 | 1.12E-02 |
Co | 5.23E-04 | 9.27E-04 | 5.06E-06 | 3.32E-05 | 1.55E-03 | 1.05E-02 |
As | 4.57E-06 | 8.11E-06 | 9.00E-03 | 5.90E-02 | 3.98E-02 | 3.47E-01 |
Mn | 2.89E-02 | 5.13E-02 | 6.10E-03 | 3.99E-02 | 9.61E-02 | 6.62E-01 |
Sum | 3.00E-02 | 5.32E-02 | 2.40E-02 | 1.57E-01 | 2.34E-01 | 1.89E+00 |
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