Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2015, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (7): 784-800.doi: 10.1007/s11442-015-1202-y
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Received:
2014-06-13
Accepted:
2014-11-30
Online:
2015-07-15
Published:
2015-06-24
About author:
Author: A. N. Nunes, E-mail:
N. NUNES A., LOURENÇO L.. Precipitation variability in Portugal from 1960 to 2011[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(7): 784-800.
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Table 1
Characteristics of gauging stations used in this study (Length of record =52 yr)"
Rain gauges* | Altitude (asl m) | Latitude North | Longitude W Greenwich | Mean rainfall (mm) | St. deviation (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Portelinha | 1018 | 42º05' | 8º17' | 1975 | 525 |
(2) Deilão | 892 | 41º85' | 6º59' | 784 | 211 |
(3)Travancas | 884 | 41º83' | 7º31' | 941 | 263 |
(4) Ponte da Barca | 39 | 41º80' | 8º42' | 1599 | 406 |
(5) Ponte de Lima | 18 | 41º77' | 8º60' | 1566 | 403 |
(6) Argozelo | 685 | 41º64' | 6º60' | 756 | 197 |
(7) Rio Torto | 322 | 41º54' | 7º28' | 537 | 149 |
(8) Barcelos | 36 | 41º53' | 8º62' | 1511 | 390 |
(9) S.M.Montanha | 866 | 41º50' | 7º75' | 1709 | 448 |
(10) Folgares | 739 | 41º30' | 7º28' | 623 | 165 |
(11) Amarante | 146 | 41º26' | 8º07' | 1215 | 330 |
(12) Escalhão | 615 | 40º95' | 6º92' | 546 | 127 |
(13) Castro Daire | 697 | 40º92' | 7º94' | 1577 | 456 |
(14) B.Burgães | 306 | 40º85' | 8º38' | 1733 | 452 |
(15) Pinhel | 606 | 40º77' | 7º06' | 597 | 165 |
(16) Pega | 770 | 40º43' | 7º14' | 773 | 231 |
(17) Almaça | 116 | 40º34' | 8º23' | 1056 | 308 |
(18) Covilhã | 719 | 40º28' | 7º51' | 1615 | 506 |
(19) Soure | 18 | 40º05' | 8º63' | 851 | 238 |
(20) Ladoeiro | 215 | 39º83' | 7º27' | 577 | 168 |
(21) R. Murta | 241 | 39º77' | 8º36' | 987 | 297 |
(22) V.V.Ródão | 84 | 39º65' | 7º67' | 739 | 217 |
(23) Cela | 2 | 39º57' | 9º07' | 769 | 197 |
(24) Abrantes | 105 | 39º45' | 8º10' | 679 | 199 |
(25) Castelo Vide | 552 | 39º41' | 7º45' | 823 | 236 |
(26) Chouto | 126 | 39º27' | 8º35' | 725 | 210 |
(27) Pragança | 183 | 39º20' | 9º06' | 912 | 260 |
(28) B. Caia | 217 | 39º00' | 7º14' | 489 | 155 |
(29) B. Magos | 43 | 38º99' | 8º69' | 640 | 187 |
(30) Pavia | 189 | 38º90' | 8º01' | 590 | 170 |
(31) S.J. Tojal | 6 | 38º84' | 9º12' | 736 | 217 |
(32) Vila Viçosa | 417 | 38º78' | 7º42' | 709 | 212 |
(33) Moinhola | 41 | 38º58' | 8º62' | 681 | 175 |
(34) Reguengos | 218 | 38º42' | 7º53' | 527 | 165 |
(35) V. Alentejo | 314 | 38º33' | 8º01' | 676 | 187 |
(36) Grândola | 95 | 38º17' | 8º55' | 651 | 180 |
(37) Serpa | 209 | 37º94' | 7º60' | 509 | 174 |
(38) Relíquias | 232 | 37º70' | 8º48' | 640 | 207 |
(39) Castro Verde | 217 | 37º70' | 8º09' | 524 | 157 |
(40) Martim Longo | 294 | 37º44' | 7º77' | 515 | 190 |
(41) B. Bravura | 64 | 37º20' | 8º70' | 693 | 229 |
(42) S.B. Alportel | 334 | 37º16' | 7º90' | 865 | 291 |
Mean | 896 | 254 |
Table 2
Monthly precipitation trends (1960-2011)"
Rain gauges | Months | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | |
(1) Portelinha | -0.284** | -0.314** | -0.255* | -0.052 | -0.089 | -0.116 | 0.134 | 0.079 | -0.190 | 0.110 | -0.105 | -0.061 |
(2) Deilão | -0.204 | -0.300** | -0.197 | -0.016 | -0.074 | -0.270* | -0.207 | 0.047 | -0.154 | -0.001 | -0.113 | 0.035 |
(3) Travancas | -0.302** | -0.305** | -0.211 | -0.089 | -0.153 | -0.240* | -0.113 | 0.010 | -0.246* | 0.050 | -0.180 | -0.018 |
(4) P. Barca | -0.232* | -0.385*** | -0.236* | -0.026 | -0.085 | -0.100 | 0.184 | 0.112 | -0.241* | 0.042 | -0.049 | -0.031 |
(5) P.Lima | -0.258* | -0.357*** | -0.239* | -0.099 | -0.184 | -0.050 | 0.169 | 0.138 | -0.296** | -0.043 | -0.053 | -0.092 |
(6) Argozelo | -0.223 | -0.285* | -0.094 | 0.124 | -0.094 | -0.053 | 0.054 | 0.105 | -0.036 | 0.090 | -0.027 | 0.067 |
(7) Rio Torto | -0.136 | -0.378** | -0.191 | -0.096 | 0.097 | -0.240 | -0.122 | 0.204 | -0.116 | 0.088 | -0.155 | -0.021 |
(8) Barcelos | -0.259* | -0.341** | -0.230 | -0.043 | -0.140 | -0.120 | 0.309** | -0.025 | -0.303** | 0.126 | -0.054 | -0.132 |
(9) S.M.Montanha | -0.044 | -0.265* | -0.228 | 0.053 | -0.004 | -0.164 | 0.167 | 0.124 | -0.172 | 0.026 | -0.086 | 0.032 |
(10) Folgares | -0.187 | -0.310** | -0.228 | -0.067 | -0.107 | -0.311** | -0.054 | 0.217 | -0.134 | 0.138 | -0.115 | 0.069 |
(11) Amarante | -0.153 | -0.345** | -0.296** | -0.029 | -0.066 | -0.215 | -0.042 | 0.115 | -0.181 | -0.010 | -0.079 | 0.022 |
(12) Escalhão | -0.115 | -0.233* | -0.200 | 0.008 | -0.017 | -0.200 | -0.060 | 0.190 | -0.075 | 0.173 | -0.114 | 0.081 |
(13) Castro Daire | -0.245* | -0.343** | -0.300* | -0.040 | -0.186 | -0.308** | 0.130 | 0.170 | -0.132 | 0.138 | -0.120 | -0.006 |
(14) B.Burgães | -0.274* | -0.393*** | -0.326** | -0.107 | -0.189 | -0.145 | 0.266* | 0.134 | -0.220 | 0.056 | -0.008 | -0.023 |
(15) Pinhel | -0.177 | -0.257* | -0.293** | -0.028 | -0.007 | -0.262* | -0.020 | 0.158 | -0.110 | 0.099 | -0.183 | 0.012 |
(16) Pega | -0.169 | -0.275* | -0.197 | -0.197 | 0.010 | -0.286** | -0.054 | 0.231 | 0.006 | 0.128 | -0.202 | -0.030 |
(17) Almaça | -0.208 | -0.258* | -0.325** | -0.092 | -0.214 | -0.260* | 0.102 | 0.155 | -0.066 | 0.102 | -0.146 | -0.020 |
(18) Covilhã | -0.242* | -0.345** | -0.146 | 0.061 | -0.131 | -0.288** | -0.086 | 0.210 | -0.018 | 0.136 | -0.092 | 0.020 |
(19) Soure | -0.325** | -0.302** | -0.253* | -0.053 | -0.137 | -0.280** | 0.073 | 0.164 | -0.196 | 0.043 | -0.157 | -0.152 |
(20) Ladoeiro | -0.192 | -0.250* | -0.293** | -0.027 | -0.095 | -0.437*** | -0.027 | 0.037 | 0.008 | 0.177 | -0.081 | -0.033 |
(21) R. Murta | -0.321** | -0.343** | -0.355*** | -0.082 | -0.244 | -0.338** | 0.037 | 0.234* | -0.204 | 0.095 | -0.242* | -0.097 |
(22) V.V.Ródão | -0.100 | -0.211 | -0.189 | 0.161 | 0.070 | -0.345** | 0.097 | 0.293** | 0.019 | 0.203 | -0.067 | 0.016 |
(23) Cela | -0.322** | -0.262* | -0.271* | 0.026 | -0.133 | -0.248* | 0.280** | 0.230 | -0.096 | 0.050 | -0.177 | -0.110 |
(24) Abrantes | -0.268* | -0.252* | -0.306** | -0.035 | -0.103 | -0.314** | 0.231* | 0.166 | -0.126 | 0.099 | -0.160 | 0.030 |
(25) Castelo Vide | -0.129 | -0.216 | -0.248* | 0.025 | -0.085 | -0.349** | 0.066 | 0.197 | -0.184 | 0.191 | -0.113 | 0.038 |
(26) Chouto | -0.311** | -0.324** | -0.227 | -0.084 | -0.060 | -0.326** | -0.078 | 0.021 | -0.068 | 0.043 | -0.141 | -0.159 |
(27) Pragança | -0.321** | -0.383*** | -0.259* | 0.041 | -0.064 | -0.123 | 0.384*** | 0.450*** | 0.113 | 0.127 | -0.070 | -0.075 |
(28) B. Caia | 0.022 | -0.158 | -0.100 | -0.235 | -0.263 | -0.225 | -0.118 | -0.048 | -0.411*** | 0.200 | 0.335** | -0.031 |
(29) B.Magos | -0.250* | -0.339** | -0.271* | 0.022 | -0.188 | -0.280** | 0.168 | 0.113 | 0.025 | 0.099 | -0.216 | -0.120 |
(30) Pavia | 0.133 | -0.146 | -0.063 | -0.172 | -0.325** | -0.336** | -0.078 | -0.155 | -0.456*** | -0.006 | 0.260* | -0.127 |
(31) S.J. Tojal | -0.090 | -0.194 | -0.203 | 0.051 | 0.022 | -0.050 | 0.335** | 0.194 | 0.141 | 0.186 | -0.081 | -0.005 |
(32) Vila Viçosa | -0.228 | -0.302** | -0.372** | 0.021 | 0.055 | -0.287** | 0.198 | 0.292** | 0.024 | 0.050 | -0.116 | -0.159 |
(33) Moinhola | -0.200 | -0.252* | -0.206 | -0.022 | 0.026 | -0.136 | 0.299** | 0.226 | 0.002 | 0.170 | -0.058 | -0.077 |
(34) Reguengos | -0.299** | -0.281** | -0.285** | 0.103 | -0.050 | -0.312** | 0.387*** | 0.299** | -0.046 | 0.056 | -0.214 | -0.085 |
(35) V. Alentejo | -0.129 | -0.175 | -0.171 | 0.146 | 0.094 | -0.203 | 0.228 | 0.188 | 0.014 | 0.164 | -0.105 | -0.083 |
(36) Grândola | -0.122 | -0.238* | -0.196 | 0.117 | 0.071 | -0.167 | 0.416*** | 0.236* | 0.292** | 0.137 | -0.098 | 0.063 |
(37) Serpa | -0.169 | -0.223 | -0.131 | 0.114 | 0.018 | -0.457*** | 0.287** | 0.238* | 0.208 | 0.135 | -0.075 | -0.008 |
(38) Relíquias | -0.299** | -0.281** | -0.285** | 0.103 | -0.050 | -0.312** | 0.387*** | 0.299** | 0.010 | -0.119 | -0.175 | -0.059 |
(39) Castro Verde | -0.192 | -0.258* | -0.228 | 0.063 | -0.066 | -0.524*** | 0.248* | 0.366*** | 0.168 | 0.084 | -0.062 | 0.040 |
(40) M. Longo | 0.205 | 0.047 | -0.479*** | 0.368** | 0.186 | 0.214 | 0.082 | -0.007 | 0.152 | -0.193 | -0.210 | -0.149 |
(41) B. Bravura | -0.239* | -0.195 | -0.223 | 0.084 | -0.056 | -0.040 | 0.539*** | 0.241* | 0.190 | 0.079 | 0.019 | 0.150 |
(42) S.B. Alportel | -0.281** | -0.331** | -0.232* | 0.053 | 0.032 | -0.305** | 0.428*** | 0.161 | 0.217 | 0.094 | -0.085 | 0.090 |
Table 3
Monthly and annual PCI trends (1960-2011)"
Rain gauges | Months | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | Year | |
(1) Portelinha | -0.133 | -0.197 | -0.130 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.002 | 0.236* | 0.163 | -0.061 | 0.245* | 0.048 | 0.103 | -0.068 |
(2) Deilão | -0.068 | -0.195 | -0.083 | 0.108 | 0.057 | -0.173 | -0.044 | 0.097 | -0.103 | 0.128 | 0.014 | 0.188 | 0.142 |
(3) Travancas | -0.094 | -0.206 | -0.045 | 0.064 | -0.010 | -0.126 | -0.046 | 0.131 | -0.133 | 0.185 | -0.023 | 0.179 | 0.146 |
(4) P. Barca | -0.044 | -0.339** | -0.080 | 0.112 | 0.044 | 0.025 | 0.258* | 0.195 | -0.193 | 0.129 | 0.072 | 0.131 | 0.056 |
(5) P.Lima | -0.028 | -0.256* | -0.092 | 0.075 | -0.072 | 0.099 | 0.279** | 0.216 | -0.150 | 0.072 | 0.091 | 0.137 | -0.049 |
(6) Argozelo | -0.175 | -0.246* | -0.043 | 0.173 | 0.001 | -0.006 | 0.089 | 0.119 | 0.011 | 0.161 | 0.076 | 0.151 | -0.130 |
(7) Rio Torto | 0.002 | -0.310** | -0.075 | 0.028 | 0.199 | -0.115 | -0.040 | 0.302** | -0.010 | 0.248* | -0.036 | 0.123 | -0.065 |
(8) Barcelos | -0.001 | -0.238* | -0.057 | 0.133 | -0.002 | 0.012 | 0.351** | 0.054 | -0.219 | 0.192 | 0.080 | 0.065 | 0.095 |
(9)S.M.Montanha | 0.054 | -0.209 | -0.106 | 0.157 | 0.103 | -0.085 | 0.197 | 0.172 | -0.131 | 0.030 | 0.001 | 0.141 | -0.023 |
(10) Folgares | -0.046 | -0.273* | -0.151 | 0.041 | 0.029 | -0.222 | 0.050 | 0.264* | -0.047 | 0.236* | -0.017 | 0.169 | 0.074 |
(11) Amarante | -0.046 | -0.310** | -0.195 | 0.142 | 0.089 | -0.093 | 0.021 | 0.241* | -0.107 | 0.098 | 0.038 | 0.192 | 0.069 |
(12) Escalhão | -0.040 | -0.203 | -0.077 | 0.038 | 0.053 | -0.170 | -0.030 | 0.221 | -0.028 | 0.252* | -0.022 | 0.137 | 0.096 |
(13) Castro Daire | -0.048 | -0.258* | -0.209 | 0.069 | -0.039 | -0.177 | 0.186 | 0.273** | -0.013 | 0.248* | 0.024 | 0.189 | -0.025 |
(14) B.Burgães | -0.163 | -0.317** | -0.202 | 0.079 | -0.037 | -0.047 | 0.348** | 0.229 | -0.068 | 0.212 | 0.142 | 0.195 | -0.116 |
(15) Pinhel | -0.023 | -0.186 | -0.190 | 0.087 | 0.166 | -0.151 | 0.040 | 0.183 | -0.019 | 0.207 | -0.129 | 0.127 | 0.105 |
(16) Pega | -0.072 | -0.192 | -0.065 | -0.020 | 0.091 | -0.160 | -0.005 | 0.267** | 0.154 | 0.313** | -0.122 | 0.089 | -0.056 |
(17) Almaça | -0.129 | -0.175 | -0.171 | 0.146 | 0.094 | -0.203 | 0.228 | 0.219 | 0.042 | 0.248* | 0.011 | 0.060 | 0.010 |
(18) Covilhã | -0.215 | -0.307** | -0.031 | 0.211 | -0.021 | -0.275** | -0.059 | 0.242* | 0.082 | 0.231* | -0.030 | 0.147 | -0.008 |
(19) Soure | -0.129 | -0.177 | -0.152 | 0.111 | 0.048 | -0.216 | 0.139 | 0.222 | -0.028 | 0.207 | 0.003 | 0.015 | 0.022 |
(20) Ladoeiro | -0.131 | -0.114 | -0.211 | 0.067 | -0.029 | -0.397*** | -0.020 | 0.077 | 0.125 | 0.281** | 0.028 | 0.072 | 0.249* |
(21) R. Murta | -0.154 | -0.186 | -0.207 | 0.134 | -0.089 | -0.231* | 0.103 | 0.308** | -0.016 | 0.258* | -0.051 | 0.203 | 0.140 |
(22) V.V.Ródão | -0.100 | -0.211 | -0.189 | 0.161 | 0.070 | -0.345** | 0.097 | 0.293** | 0.019 | 0.273* | 0.015 | 0.088 | 0.105 |
(23) Cela | -0.210 | -0.131 | -0.183 | 0.186 | -0.048 | -0.168 | 0.321** | 0.288** | 0.010 | 0.175 | 0.021 | 0.013 | -0.044 |
(24) Abrantes | -0.147 | -0.095 | -0.221 | 0.083 | 0.058 | -0.226 | 0.238* | 0.210 | -0.025 | 0.188 | -0.016 | 0.191 | -0.065 |
(25) Castelo Vide | -0.014 | -0.137 | -0.176 | 0.091 | -0.019 | -0.325** | 0.091 | 0.244* | -0.137 | 0.245* | -0.002 | 0.155 | 0.110 |
(26) Chouto | -0.155 | -0.134 | -0.074 | 0.078 | 0.106 | -0.220 | -0.026 | 0.109 | 0.077 | 0.185 | 0.008 | -0.040 | 0.110 |
(27) Pragança | -0.278** | -0.293** | -0.152 | 0.158 | 0.035 | -0.084 | 0.410*** | 0.475*** | 0.220 | 0.220 | 0.039 | 0.081 | -0.174 |
(28) B. Caia | 0.199 | -0.001 | 0.030 | -0.048 | -0.142 | -0.098 | 0.041 | 0.061 | -0.329** | 0.232* | 0.360*** | 0.044 | 0.048 |
(29) B.Magos | -0.159 | -0.180 | -0.110 | 0.209 | -0.082 | -0.224 | 0.204 | 0.179 | 0.151 | 0.249* | -0.104 | 0.024 | 0.099 |
(30) Pavia | 0.256* | 0.029 | 0.065 | 0.021 | -0.167 | -0.201 | 0.047 | -0.068 | -0.372*** | 0.013 | 0.307** | -0.004 | 0.216 |
(31) S.J. Tojal | -0.130 | -0.148 | -0.128 | 0.168 | 0.057 | -0.427*** | 0.291** | 0.237** | 0.251* | 0.194 | -0.060 | 0.032 | -0.021 |
(32) Vila Viçosa | -0.131 | -0.201 | -0.243* | 0.180 | 0.125 | -0.233* | 0.216 | 0.324** | 0.120 | 0.185 | -0.016 | -0.043 | 0.083 |
(33) Moinhola | -0.126 | -0.124 | -0.123 | 0.041 | 0.095 | -0.109 | 0.310* | 0.256* | 0.075 | 0.228 | -0.011 | -0.005 | -0.059 |
(34) Reguengos | -0.065 | -0.171 | -0.242* | 0.226 | 0.184 | -0.277** | 0.053 | 0.162 | 0.036 | 0.150 | -0.102 | 0.065 | 0.107 |
(35) V. Alentejo | -0.129 | -0.175 | -0.171 | 0.146 | 0.094 | -0.203 | 0.228 | 0.219 | 0.042 | 0.248* | 0.011 | 0.060 | 0.010 |
(36) Grândola | -0.096 | -0.187 | -0.181 | 0.167 | 0.110 | -0.170 | 0.427** | 0.255* | 0.296* | 0.180 | -0.081 | 0.110 | -0.154 |
(37) Serpa | -0.100 | -0.162 | -0.161 | 0.108 | 0.071 | -0.035 | 0.333* | 0.203 | 0.168 | 0.259* | -0.071 | 0.067 | -0.183 |
(38) Relíquias | -0.161 | -0.179 | -0.129 | 0.254* | 0.097 | -0.268* | 0.419** | 0.337** | 0.106 | 0.009 | -0.049 | 0.093 | 0.020 |
(39) Castro Verde | -0.164 | -0.184 | -0.177 | 0.127 | 0.014 | -0.518*** | 0.251 | 0.377*** | 0.195 | 0.134 | -0.002 | 0.151 | -0.018 |
(40) M. Longo | 0.200 | 0.069 | -0.508*** | 0.352** | 0.182 | 0.188 | 0.117 | -0.025 | 0.158 | -0.230 | -0.283** | -0.148 | -0.034 |
(41) B. Bravura | -0.248* | -0.209 | -0.158 | 0.083 | 0.010 | -0.003 | 0.555*** | 0.249* | 0.216 | 0.097 | 0.054 | 0.207 | -0.159 |
(42) S.B. Alportel | -0.263* | -0.233* | -0.148 | 0.101 | 0.103 | -0.288** | 0.452*** | 0.180 | 0.258* | 0.158 | -0.019 | 0.151 | -0.135 |
Table 4
Synthesis of monthly precipitation and PCI trends (%)"
Precipitation (1960-2011) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative trend | Positive trend | ||||||||
ns | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | ns | 0. 1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | ||
J | 47.6 | 21.4 | 23.8 | 7.2 | |||||
F | 19.0 | 28.6 | 40.5 | 9.5 | 2.4 | ||||
M | 50.0 | 23.8 | 21.4 | 4.8 | |||||
A | 52.4 | 45.2 | 2.4 | ||||||
M | 71.4 | 2.4 | 26.2 | ||||||
J | 40.5 | 11.9 | 38.1 | 7.1 | 2.4 | ||||
J | 31.0 | 35.7 | 7.0 | 11.9 | 14.4 | ||||
A | 9.5 | 66.7 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 4.8 | ||||
S | 47.6 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 35.7 | 2.4 | |||
O | 14.3 | 85.7 | |||||||
N | 90.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 4.8 | |||||
D | 64.3 | 35.7 | |||||||
Precipitation (1960-2011) | |||||||||
Negative trend | Positive trend | ||||||||
ns | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | ns | 0. 1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | ||
J | 81.0 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 9.4 | 2.4 | ||||
F | 66.6 | 14.2 | 14.4 | 4.8 | |||||
M | 88.0 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 4.8 | |||||
A | 4.8 | 90.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | |||||
M | 31.0 | 69.0 | |||||||
J | 62.0 | 7.1 | 11.9 | 7.1 | 11.9 | ||||
J | 19.0 | 45.2 | 11.9 | 16.7 | 7.1 | ||||
A | 4.8 | 52.4 | 16.7 | 21.4 | 4.8 | ||||
S | 42.9 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 45.2 | 7.1 | ||||
O | 2.4 | 59.5 | 33.3 | 4.8 | |||||
N | 47.6 | 2.4 | 45.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | ||||
D | 11.9 | 88.1 |
Table 5
Correlation between precipitation trends (PT) and PCI trends and the geographical features"
PT | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altitude | 0.144 | -0.078 | 0.087 | -0.049 | 0.089 | -0.149 | -0.478* | -0.09 | -0.091 | 0.042 | -0.240 | 0.347* | -0.054 |
Latitude | -0.128 | -0.490 | 0.079 | -0.512** | -0.405** | 0.276* | -0.492** | -0.405** | -0.696** | -0.100 | 0.009 | 0.090 | -0.422** |
Longitude | -0.457** | -0.153 | -0.263 | 0.067 | -0.154 | 0.300 | 0.696** | 0.191 | 0.099 | -0.170 | 0.118 | -0.356* | -0.049 |
PCI | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | Year |
Altitude | 0.130 | -0.249 | 0.105 | -0.189 | 0.172 | -0.020 | -0.501** | -0.072 | -0.138 | 0.135 | -0.202 | 0.397** | 0.097 |
Latitude | 0.315* | -0.534** | 0.342* | -0.305* | -0.191 | 0.376* | -0.441** | -0.187 | -0.678* | 0.123* | 0.330* | 0.367* | 0.194 |
Longitude | -0.379* | 0.048 | -0.112 | 0.301 | -0.157 | 0.099 | 0.727** | 0.247 | 0.203 | -0.221 | 0.171 | -0.204 | -0.305** |
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