Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2015, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (6): 687-700.doi: 10.1007/s11442-015-1196-5
• Orginal Article • Previous Articles Next Articles
Zhijun YAO1(), Rui WANG1,2,*(
), Zhaofei LIU1, Shanshan WU1, Liguang JIANG1
Received:
2014-11-17
Accepted:
2015-01-22
Online:
2015-06-15
Published:
2015-06-15
Contact:
Rui WANG
E-mail:yaozj@igsnrr.ac.cn;wangr.12b@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Author: Yao Zhijun (1959-), Professor, specialized in hydrology and water resources studies. E-mail:
Supported by:
Zhijun YAO, Rui WANG, Zhaofei LIU, Shanshan WU, Liguang JIANG. Spatial-temporal patterns of major ion chemistry and its controlling factors in the Manasarovar Basin, Tibet[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(6): 687-700.
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Table 1
Average content of the main chemical components of waters in the Manasarovar Basin"
K+ | Ca2+ | Na+ | Mg2+ | Cl- | SO42- | HCO3- | SiO2 | TDS | pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005 measurements | ||||||||||
Lake | 4.76 | 35.72 | 49.54 | 32.68 | 14.03 | 33.24 | 347.54 | - | 343.7 | - |
River estuaries | 0.84 | 16.47 | 4.70 | 4.18 | 1.68 | 23.69 | 52.28 | - | 77.7 | - |
Basin | 2.80 | 26.10 | 27.12 | 18.43 | 7.85 | 28.47 | 199.91 | - | 210.7 | - |
2012 measurements | ||||||||||
Lake | 6.24 | 20.11 | 54.23 | 29.28 | 14.57 | 31.03 | 299.30 | 1.87 | 307.0 | 7.85 |
River estuaries | 1.68 | 18.65 | 7.02 | 4.75 | 2.10 | 18.14 | 75.59 | 9.56 | 99.7 | 7.78 |
Upper rivers | 1.19 | 23.64 | 14.69 | 6.95 | 7.95 | 15.08 | 115.42 | 7.88 | 135.1 | 7.42 |
Basin | 3.04 | 20.80 | 25.31 | 13.66 | 8.21 | 21.42 | 163.44 | 6.44 | 180.6 | 7.68 |
Average levels between 2005-2012 measurements | ||||||||||
Lake | 5.50 | 27.91 | 51.89 | 30.98 | 14.30 | 32.14 | 323.42 | - | 325.36 | - |
River estuaries | 1.26 | 17.56 | 5.86 | 4.46 | 1.89 | 20.92 | 63.94 | - | 88.70 | - |
Precipitation | 2.66 | 10.54 | 3.19 | 1.36 | 4.16 | 9.27 | 32.76 | - | 47.56 | - |
Basin | 2.92 | 23.45 | 26.22 | 16.04 | 8.03 | 24.94 | 181.67 | - | 195.65 | - |
Table 2
Comparison of chemical components for lakes in the Tibetan Plateau"
Lake | TDS | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl- | SO42- | HCO3- | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manasarovar | 0.31 | 0.14 | 2.31 | 0.61 | 1.27 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 5.11 | This study |
Qinghai | 18.05 | 4.24 | 191.8 | 0.57 | 33.44 | 226.4 | 29.52 | 29.16 | Xu et al., 2010 |
Nam Co | 1.2 | 0.89 | 13.91 | 0.18 | 3.28 | 3.65 | 2.15 | 13.8 | Wang et al., 2010b |
Tangra Yumco | 11.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Wang et al., 2010a |
Zhari Namco | 7.74 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Wang et al., 2010a |
Pumayum Co | 0.1 | 0.45 | - | 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.05 | 0.81 | 1.75 | Ju et al., 2010 |
Yamzhog Yumco | 1.28 | 0.46 | 12.29 | 0.18 | 7.85 | 2.31 | 7.25 | 9.74 | Sun et al., 2013 |
La'ang Co | 0.49 | 0.52 | 7.65 | 0.32 | 4.48 | 1.94 | 1.12 | 13.34 | Wang et al., 2013 |
Table 3
Main ions concentration in the Manasarovar Bain during different periods (mg/l)"
K+ | Ca2+ | Na+ | Mg2+ | Cl- | SO42- | HCO3- | TDS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lake center | ||||||||
1976a | 5.92 | 24.31 | 44.05 | 25.72 | 14.83 | 26.3 | 264.66 | 277.04 |
2009-2010b | 5.97 | 26.86 | 49.09 | 28.73 | 13.83 | 29.73 | 300.71 | 304.57 |
Lake peripheries (L1 sample for 2005 and 2012) | ||||||||
1976a | 3.23 | 22.13 | 24.21 | 16.35 | 9.6 | 15.75 | 178.03 | 182.88 |
2005 | 6.32 | 69.55 | 59.30 | 41.73 | 10.21 | 13.93 | 556.17 | 479.12 |
2012 | 7.75 | 35.08 | 65.21 | 36.35 | 14.62 | 28.41 | 415.61 | 395.22 |
River estuaries (R5 sample for 2005 and 2012) | ||||||||
1976a | 1.65 | 16.13 | 6.35 | 5.33 | 3.68 | 8.06 | 67.69 | 80.60 |
2005 | 0.81 | 24.17 | 4.13 | 3.59 | 1.69 | 36.34 | 55.10 | 98.28 |
2012 | 1.17 | 31.50 | 11.77 | 8.77 | 4.31 | 15.88 | 146.12 | 146.46 |
Table 4
Contribution magnitude and percentage of main ions from atmospheric inputs to the river waters in the Manasarovar Basin"
K+ | Ca2+ | Na+ | Mg2+ | SO42- | HCO3- | Cl- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magnitude (μmol) | 4.90 | 19.93 | 11.01 | 4.19 | 7.20 | 40.64 | 9.11 |
Max. percentage (%) | 37.8 | 21.2 | 35.4 | 22.8 | 24.9 | 81.2 | 100.0 |
Mean percentage (%) | 21.1 | 7.1 | 9.4 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 10.8 | 47.5 |
Min. percentage (%) | 3.5 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
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