Journal of Geographical Sciences ›› 2015, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (6): 669-686.doi: 10.1007/s11442-015-1195-6
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Yuan TIAN1,2(), Chengqun YU1,*(
), Kunli LUO1,*(
), Xinjie ZHA3, Jianshuang WU1, Xianzhou ZHANG1, Runxiang NI1,2
Received:
2014-10-20
Accepted:
2014-11-16
Online:
2015-06-15
Published:
2015-06-15
Contact:
Chengqun YU,Kunli LUO
E-mail:tiany.13s@igsnrr.ac.cn;yucq@igsnrr.ac.cn;luokl@igsnrr.ac.cn
About author:
Author: Tian Yuan (1991-), Graduate student in Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, specialized in geology and health, environmental science. E-mail:
Supported by:
Yuan TIAN, Chengqun YU, Kunli LUO, Xinjie ZHA, Jianshuang WU, Xianzhou ZHANG, Runxiang NI. Hydrochemical characteristics and element contents of natural waters in Tibet, China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2015, 25(6): 669-686.
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Table 1
Distribution of surface water sampling locations in Tibet"
Sample No. | Date | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Elevation (m) | Sample site | Sample type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2013.04.27 | 29.566389 | 91.401144 | 4196 | No.7 team, Xincang village, Dazi county | River water |
2 | 2013.04.27 | 29.570000 | 91.393056 | 4287 | No.7 team, Xincang village, Dazi county | Ice/snow melt |
5 | 2013.07.13 | 29.604167 | 91.380833 | 3970 | No.6 team, Xincang village, Dazi county | River water |
6 | 2013.07.20 | 29.873056 | 91.093333 | 3972 | Bailang village, Linzhou county | River water |
7 | 2013.07.20 | 29.873056 | 91.093333 | 3972 | Bailang village, Linzhou county | River water |
8 | 2013.07.20 | 29.871667 | 91.092500 | 3954 | Bailang village, Linzhou county | River water |
9 | 2013.07.20 | 29.850000 | 91.092222 | 4041 | Bailang village, Linzhou county | River water |
12 | 2013.07.24 | 30.495000 | 91.069167 | 4317 | Dangxiong field station | Ice/snow melt |
14 | 2013.08.04 | 32.105833 | 92.285278 | 4645 | Nyainrong, Nyainrong county | River water |
15 | 2013.08.04 | 32.109722 | 92.302500 | 4634 | Nyainrong, Nyainrong county | Ice/snow melt |
21 | 2013.08.05 | 31.273333 | 92.102778 | 4450 | Kema village, Luoma town, Nagchu | River water |
26 | 2013.08.08 | 32.301111 | 91.868056 | 4683 | Amdo county | River water |
27 | 2013.08.08 | 32.303333 | 91.906944 | 4732 | Shenkagang village, Amdo county | River water |
35 | 2013.08.11 | 32.433056 | 89.081111 | 4791 | Duoma township, Shuanghu county | River water |
36 | 2013.08.11 | 33.206944 | 88.798611 | 4981 | Shuanghu county | Ice/snow melt |
38 | 2013.08.12 | 32.286944 | 87.901944 | 4754 | Cuozheluoma town, Shuanghu county | River water |
44 | 2013.08.17 | 31.370000 | 85.091667 | 4728 | Gerze county | River water |
52 | 2013.08.21 | 31.451111 | 80.120556 | 4675 | Alzadar county | River water |
53 | 2013.08.21 | 30.970278 | 81.285000 | 4679 | Baga town, Burang county | Ice/snow melt |
54 | 2013.08.22 | 30.776389 | 81.613611 | 4625 | Huoer town, Burang county | Ice/snow melt |
57 | 2013.08.22 | 29.088611 | 87.637778 | 4048 | Lhatse county | River water |
58 | 2013.18.23 | 29.278889 | 88.879167 | 3777 | Shigatse | River water |
Table 2
Distribution of groundwater sampling locations in Tibet"
Sample number | Date | Latitude (°) | Longitude (°) | Elevation (m) | Sample site | Depth (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 2013.04.28 | 29.642406 | 91.180731 | 3666 | Tibet University, Lhasa | - |
4 | 2013.04.28 | 29.642950 | 91.180108 | 3666 | Tibet University, Lhasa | 6 |
10 | 2013.07.23 | 30.476389 | 91.099722 | 4297 | Damxung county | 5 |
11 | 2013.07.23 | 30.477500 | 91.103056 | 4281 | Damxung county | 30 |
13 | 2013.08.03 | 31.475908 | 92.062089 | 4521 | Nagchu town, Nagqu county | - |
16 | 2013.08.04 | 32.110000 | 92.303611 | 4612 | Nyainrong | 10 |
17 | 2013.08.04 | 31.465556 | 92.062778 | 4508 | Nagchu town, Nagchu | 10 |
18 | 2013.08.05 | 31.468611 | 92.059167 | 4534 | Nagchu town, Nagchu | - |
19 | 2013.08.05 | 31.271944 | 92.158611 | 4471 | Kema village, Luoma town, Nagqu county | 10 |
20 | 2013.08.05 | 31.271944 | 92.160000 | 4439 | Kema village, Luoma town, Nagqu county | 5 |
22 | 2013.08.05 | 31.469167 | 92.047500 | 4523 | Nagchu town, Nagqu county | 27 |
23 | 2013.08.05 | 31.275833 | 92.105278 | 4459 | Nagqu field station, Nagqu county | 10 |
24 | 2013.08.06 | 31.471944 | 92.047500 | 4506 | Nagqu Agriculture Bureau, Nagqu county | - |
25 | 2013.08.07 | 32.264050 | 91.681160 | 4685 | Amdo county | - |
28 | 2013.08.09 | 31.405278 | 90.835278 | 4606 | Baila town, Baingoin county | 6 |
29 | 2013.08.09 | 31.395000 | 90.007778 | 4703 | Baingoin county | 15 |
30 | 2013.08.10 | 31.523333 | 89.741111 | 4576 | Mendang town, Baingoin county | 4 |
31 | 2013.08.10 | 32.390000 | 89.218889 | 4703 | Duoma town, Shuanghu county (40ºC) | - |
32 | 2013.08.10 | 32.386667 | 89.149167 | 4701 | Duoma township, Shuanghu county (50ºC) | - |
33 | 2013.08.10 | 32.388056 | 89.149722 | 4708 | Duoma township, Shuanghu county (60ºC) | - |
34 | 2013.08.10 | 32.384444 | 89.145278 | 4705 | Duoma town, Shuanghu county | 15 |
37 | 2013.08.12 | 33.233056 | 88.352222 | 4811 | Jiacuo, Shuanghu county | 4 |
39 | 2013.08.13 | 31.786111 | 87.234722 | 4553 | Nyima county | - |
40 | 2013.08.15 | 31.876944 | 86.061667 | 4797 | Asuo town, Nyima county | 6 |
41 | 2013.08.15 | 31.253056 | 86.014722 | 4726 | Juncang town, Nyima county | 8 |
42 | 2013.08.16 | 31.263333 | 85.563056 | 4690 | Cishi town, Cuoqin county | 10 |
43 | 2013.08.16 | 31.018056 | 85.153889 | 4649 | Cuoqin county | 10 |
45 | 2013.08.17 | 32.098611 | 84.878889 | 4433 | Dongco, Gerze county | - |
46 | 2013.08.17 | 32.300000 | 84.055278 | 4447 | Gerze county | 11 |
47 | 2013.08.18 | 32.040697 | 83.669022 | 4398 | Marm, Gerze county | 5 |
48 | 2013.08.19 | 32.371667 | 82.891111 | 4474 | Wenbudangsang town, Geji county | - |
49 | 2013.08.19 | 32.388333 | 81.143333 | 4542 | Geji county | 5 |
50 | 2013.08.20 | 32.503333 | 80.090000 | 4308 | Seng-ge Kambab | - |
51 | 2013.08.21 | 31.481389 | 79.801111 | 3755 | Tholing, Zanda county | 35 |
55 | 2013.08.22 | 29.652169 | 84.181464 | 4602 | Laozhongba town, Zhongba county | 6 |
56 | 2013.08.22 | 29.419006 | 86.724014 | 4632 | Sangsang town, Ngamring county | 10 |
59 | 2013.18.23 | 29.346667 | 89.635833 | 3752 | Dazhu village, Shigatse | 15 |
60 | 2013.08.24 | 29.676389 | 91.344722 | 3699 | Dazi county Lhasa field station | 30 |
Table 3
Hydrochemical characteristics and element concentrations in surface water samples from Tibet"
Sample number | pH | Eh (mV) | Ec (μs/cm) | TDS (mg/L) | TH (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | HCO3 (mg/L) | SO42- (mg/L) | Cl- (mg/L) | SiO2 (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.62 | 336 | 179 | 90 | 84 | 28.9 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 39.7 | 32.6 | 11.0 | 6.8 |
2 | 7.30 | 293 | 197 | 99 | 105 | 40.2 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 91.5 | 10.6 | 6.1 | 10.2 |
5 | 7.36 | 220 | 151 | 76 | 77 | 26.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 54.9 | 3.2 | 12.8 | 12.6 |
6 | 7.45 | 224 | 96 | 48 | 44 | 13.6 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 15.3 | 12.0 | 8.7 | 6.5 |
7 | 7.38 | 217 | 80 | 40 | 37 | 11.3 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 9.2 | 11.5 | 9.0 | 5.7 |
8 | 7.29 | 235 | 95 | 47 | 44 | 13.6 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 21.4 | 12.2 | 10.1 | 6.6 |
9 | 7.31 | 227 | 76 | 38 | 36 | 11.2 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 10.7 | 11.9 | 6.6 | 5.8 |
12 | 7.15 | 226 | 133 | 66 | 68 | 21.5 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 39.7 | 21.5 | 8.8 | 4.5 |
14 | 7.77 | 202 | 263 | 131 | 133 | 38.3 | 9.0 | 9.7 | 1.5 | 122.0 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 9.1 |
15 | 7.55 | 209 | 348 | 174 | 186 | 53.0 | 12.8 | 9.7 | 1.2 | 155.6 | 12.6 | 34.3 | 10.4 |
21 | 7.37 | 213 | 187 | 93 | 78 | 20.8 | 6.3 | 13.9 | 1.6 | 73.2 | 12.3 | 10.0 | 8.8 |
26 | 7.65 | 185 | 529 | 265 | 268 | 67.1 | 24.1 | 27.1 | 3.0 | 268.5 | 59.8 | 14.4 | 7.6 |
27 | 7.81 | 175 | 401 | 200 | 217 | 69.8 | 10.1 | 14.6 | 2.0 | 253.2 | 8.6 | 9.6 | 11.0 |
35 | 7.80 | 185 | 1530 | 765 | 443 | 73.0 | 62.5 | 218.7 | 3.9 | 192.2 | 521.0 | 98.9 | 8.7 |
36 | 8.02 | 172 | 344 | 172 | 180 | 26.3 | 27.5 | 11.9 | 3.7 | 125.1 | 32.8 | 27.5 | 9.1 |
38 | 8.21 | 168 | 278 | 139 | 158 | 45.4 | 10.6 | 4.7 | 1.3 | 94.6 | 44.3 | 12.4 | 8.5 |
44 | 7.90 | 188 | 368 | 184 | 196 | 58.6 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 1.8 | 155.6 | 56.3 | 13.6 | 11.8 |
52 | 7.72 | 209 | 595 | 298 | 352 | 75.8 | 38.9 | 9.0 | 4.3 | 167.8 | 158.5 | 17.5 | 9.7 |
53 | 7.90 | 200 | 172 | 86 | 89 | 23.8 | 7.0 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 18.3 | 39.3 | 21.9 | 4.7 |
54 | 7.96 | 207 | 90 | 45 | 43 | 12.8 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 12.3 | 20.3 | 6.2 |
57 | 7.64 | 219 | 226 | 113 | 121 | 40.3 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 79.3 | 30.7 | 15.4 | 9.4 |
58 | 7.73 | 225 | 355 | 178 | 194 | 50.9 | 15.9 | 8.9 | 0.5 | 128.1 | 43.6 | 18.3 | 18.3 |
Table 4
Hydrochemical characteristics and element contents in groundwater samples from Tibet"
Sample number | pH | Eh (mV) | Ec(μs/ cm) | TDS (mg/L) | TH (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | Na+ (mg/L) | K+ (mg/L) | HCO3- (mg/L) | SO42- (mg/L) | Cl- (mg/L) | SiO2 (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 7.28 | 262 | 250 | 125 | 119 | 38.1 | 5.6 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 91.5 | 21.3 | 8.5 | 12.7 |
4 | 7.31 | 244 | 261 | 131 | 124 | 38.6 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 1.5 | 85.4 | 27.2 | 9.5 | 9.6 |
10 | 6.95 | 245 | 279 | 139 | 134 | 39.9 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 1.5 | 103.7 | 10.4 | 15.8 | 16.9 |
11 | 7.11 | 233 | 161 | 81 | 83 | 24.3 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 64.1 | 6.4 | 10.0 | 11.1 |
13 | 7.10 | 252 | 1587 | 793 | 605 | 131.4 | 66.5 | 152.2 | 7.8 | 485.1 | 156.0 | 182.1 | 10.0 |
16 | 7.37 | 213 | 600 | 300 | 320 | 112.3 | 9.4 | 13.7 | 1.8 | 280.7 | 29.6 | 26.6 | 10.6 |
17 | 7.28 | 230 | 1399 | 699 | 563 | 102.4 | 73.8 | 112.0 | 4.0 | 515.6 | 143.7 | 152.8 | 9.0 |
18 | 7.81 | 205 | 404 | 202 | 165 | 31.7 | 20.6 | 33.7 | 3.7 | 155.6 | 44.1 | 16.3 | 6.8 |
19 | 7.37 | 220 | 467 | 233 | 237 | 69.1 | 15.4 | 19.7 | 3.2 | 192.2 | 35.3 | 18.1 | 25.5 |
20 | 6.93 | 235 | 458 | 229 | 227 | 61.9 | 17.4 | 18.6 | 4.1 | 167.8 | 46.0 | 16.2 | 33.1 |
22 | 7.07 | 243 | 2480 | 124 | 667 | 151.4 | 69.2 | 292.0 | 13.6 | 167.1 | 95.5 | 860.6 | 12.6 |
23 | 7.34 | 222 | 732 | 366 | 216 | 52.2 | 20.5 | 103.2 | 5.0 | 378.3 | 44.3 | 32.0 | 9.4 |
24 | 7.20 | 220 | 1055 | 528 | 445 | 134.0 | 26.4 | 77.6 | 5.4 | 387.5 | 94.5 | 89.7 | 15.4 |
25 | 7.37 | 207 | 554 | 277 | 282 | 69.2 | 26.1 | 23.3 | 2.9 | 259.3 | 49.5 | 17.2 | 9.6 |
28 | 7.86 | 191 | 337 | 168 | 169 | 33.2 | 20.6 | 15.8 | 1.5 | 198.3 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 10.6 |
29 | 7.56 | 210 | 804 | 402 | 389 | 126.2 | 17.5 | 34.5 | 3.6 | 405.8 | 52.7 | 15.6 | 15.4 |
30 | 7.79 | 195 | 307 | 154 | 148 | 32.6 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 2.5 | 61.0 | 19.3 | 65.0 | 10.1 |
31 | 6.75 | 245 | 1999 | 1000 | 472 | 144.4 | 26.7 | 363.3 | 20.8 | 970.2 | 86.4 | 35.3 | 25.9 |
32 | 7.46 | 226 | 4360 | 2180 | 182 | 48.7 | 14.5 | 1171.0 | 53.4 | 2785.6 | 196.3 | 57.5 | 31.5 |
33 | 7.19 | 220 | 2970 | 1487 | 183 | 57.3 | 9.5 | 732.3 | 33.8 | 1424.8 | 137.8 | 40.1 | 89.9 |
34 | 7.55 | 180 | 972 | 486 | 315 | 81.6 | 26.5 | 131.5 | 8.5 | 585.8 | 43.0 | 18.1 | 22.9 |
37 | 7.77 | 189 | 693 | 346 | 336 | 79.6 | 32.8 | 35.3 | 7.4 | 231.9 | 146.6 | 40.9 | 9.3 |
39 | 7.89 | 187 | 669 | 334 | 169 | 26.1 | 25.0 | 98.1 | 5.6 | 195.3 | 64.6 | 50.7 | 13.7 |
40 | 7.84 | 193 | 540 | 270 | 224 | 56.8 | 19.8 | 45.2 | 6.5 | 286.8 | 49.5 | 21.6 | 11.6 |
41 | 7.89 | 185 | 340 | 170 | 171 | 59.5 | 5.3 | 16.4 | 1.8 | 146.4 | 9.5 | 39.9 | 15.2 |
42 | 7.64 | 201 | 814 | 407 | 368 | 102.5 | 26.7 | 43.7 | 4.8 | 106.8 | 154.5 | 119.7 | 17.4 |
43 | 7.93 | 193 | 266 | 133 | 134 | 36.5 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 3.0 | 109.8 | 24.8 | 19.4 | 16.7 |
45 | 7.55 | 208 | 793 | 397 | 428 | 100.3 | 42.6 | 33.3 | 4.2 | 347.8 | 93.0 | 37.8 | 16.6 |
46 | 7.73 | 199 | 628 | 314 | 210 | 38.1 | 27.5 | 71.0 | 4.0 | 207.5 | 76.0 | 51.4 | 17.4 |
47 | 7.64 | 223 | 72 | 36 | 315 | 51.4 | 44.9 | 59.8 | 16.2 | 205.9 | 122.1 | 79.0 | 36.8 |
48 | 7.73 | 202 | 433 | 217 | 206 | 44.3 | 23.0 | 24.4 | 3.5 | 183.1 | 49.8 | 25.1 | 12.0 |
49 | 7.81 | 199 | 270 | 135 | 107 | 35.7 | 4.3 | 21.0 | 2.7 | 85.4 | 29.9 | 21.6 | 17.3 |
50 | 7.62 | 208 | 578 | 289 | 243 | 66.2 | 18.6 | 42.6 | 3.9 | 231.9 | 48.8 | 44.0 | 17.2 |
51 | 7.81 | 202 | 311 | 155 | 163 | 40.2 | 15.0 | 10.2 | 2.5 | 97.6 | 53.0 | 13.6 | 13.5 |
55 | 7.46 | 230 | 770 | 385 | 362 | 124.1 | 12.4 | 18.2 | 2.3 | 238.0 | 39.9 | 86.7 | 13.7 |
56 | 7.55 | 222 | 457 | 229 | 233 | 69.8 | 14.1 | 12.0 | 1.2 | 112.9 | 36.2 | 61.9 | 15.6 |
59 | 7.81 | 223 | 300 | 150 | 178 | 29.9 | 24.7 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 137.3 | 5.5 | 17.7 | 21.1 |
60 | 7.72 | 233 | 211 | 106 | 107 | 35.7 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 1.5 | 42.7 | 26.9 | 27.7 | 11.9 |
Table 5
Concentrations of trace elements in surface water samples from Tibet"
Sample number | Li (μg/L) | Sr (mg/L) | B (mg/L) | Zn (μg/L) | Se (μg/L) | F (mg/L) | U (μg/L) | Rb (μg/L) | Ba (μg/L) | Co (μg/L) | Cs (μg/L) | Ga (μg/L) | V (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 4.43 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.08 |
2 | 0.87 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.11 |
5 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 7.77 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 1.56 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 0.77 |
6 | 2.29 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 3.48 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 3.16 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.11 |
7 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 2.16 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 1.86 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.10 | -0.12 |
8 | 2.20 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 1.97 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 2.65 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.04 |
9 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.12 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 1.92 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.11 | -0.06 |
12 | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 1.86 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 3.26 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.17 | -0.06 |
14 | 12.6 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.01 | 0.25 | 5.57 | 0.65 | 11.97 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.54 | -0.07 |
15 | 10.2 | 0.49 | 0.09 | 1.17 | 0.08 | 0.36 | 3.28 | 1.99 | 7.77 | 0.07 | 0.83 | 0.38 | -0.07 |
21 | 8.23 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 3.06 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 1.42 | 5.74 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 0.31 |
26 | 42.5 | 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.92 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 1.13 | 5.10 | 50.22 | 0.08 | 2.22 | 2.24 | -0.30 |
27 | 14.4 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 3.37 | 0.57 | 25.26 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 1.10 | -0.16 |
35 | 140 | 3.05 | 1.50 | 2.91 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 10.85 | 0.42 | 13.08 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.56 | 0.27 |
36 | 18.3 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 57.33 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.93 | 1.84 | 29.23 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 1.28 | 0.28 |
38 | 8.87 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 1.97 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 1.58 | 0.50 | 7.19 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.32 | -0.23 |
44 | 162 | 0.24 | 0.52 | 1.72 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 1.20 | 6.96 | 16.13 | 0.05 | 18.83 | 0.69 | -0.36 |
52 | 22.3 | 0.69 | 0.34 | 4.18 | 0.85 | 0.04 | 1.35 | 7.76 | 12.15 | 0.06 | 12.05 | 0.50 | -0.43 |
53 | 2.48 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 5.80 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.66 | 13.27 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.60 | -0.43 |
54 | 2.59 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 3.70 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 5.95 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.24 | -0.36 |
57 | 2.67 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 2.46 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.52 | 0.17 | 1.29 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | -0.41 |
58 | 7.3 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 1.45 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 0.95 | 0.27 | 5.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.21 | -0.09 |
Table 6
Concentrations of trace elements in groundwater samples from Tibet"
Sample number | Li (μg/L) | Sr (mg/L) | B (mg/L) | Zn (μg/L) | Se (μg/L) | F (mg/L) | U (μg/L) | Rb (μg/L) | Ba (μg/L) | Co (μg/L) | Cs (μg/L) | Ga (μg/L) | V (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 48.9 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 55.80 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 2.39 | 6.08 | 6.49 | 0.05 | 5.45 | 0.30 | 0.15 |
4 | 50.3 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 7.68 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 2.41 | 6.49 | 11.98 | 0.06 | 9.06 | 0.58 | 0.09 |
10 | 2.97 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 33.48 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 1.66 | -0.08 |
11 | 1.15 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 21.54 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 25.74 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 1.33 | -0.16 |
13 | 105 | 1.03 | 0.37 | 7.14 | 0.04 | 0.38 | 5.54 | 4.49 | 87.75 | 0.58 | 0.99 | 4.22 | 0.38 |
16 | 12.7 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 3.40 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 1.95 | 0.57 | 64.37 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 3.10 | 0.21 |
17 | 95.3 | 1.40 | 0.49 | 1.47 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 5.83 | 0.88 | 24.06 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 1.07 | 0.32 |
18 | 54.4 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 2.15 | 5.88 | 21.20 | 0.07 | 2.06 | 0.98 | 0.32 |
19 | 60.6 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 2.06 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 1.49 | 4.53 | 18.29 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.85 | -0.27 |
20 | 85.0 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 10.43 | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.24 | 5.68 | 53.84 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 2.54 | -0.26 |
22 | 79.8 | 0.80 | 0.36 | 4.40 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 4.09 | 9.31 | 71.36 | 0.36 | 0.64 | 3.12 | 2.19 |
23 | 121.77 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 3.24 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.93 | 2.87 | 8.80 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.38 | -0.04 |
24 | 24.6 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 2.00 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 2.93 | 1.01 | 60.78 | 0.34 | 0.01 | 2.70 | 0.20 |
25 | 39.9 | 0.88 | 0.22 | 4.79 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 1.65 | 2.14 | 73.71 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 3.24 | -0.12 |
28 | 10.4 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 24.22 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 1.48 | 0.38 | 42.85 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 1.92 | 0.34 |
29 | 37.4 | 0.63 | 0.22 | 22.15 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 22.77 | 0.46 | 41.98 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 1.81 | -0.06 |
30 | 35.7 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 2.90 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 1.44 | 1.19 | 26.70 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.18 | 0.13 |
31 | 745 | 1.64 | 2.92 | 18.34 | 0.04 | 3.05 | 0.42 | 82.40 | 94.15 | 0.28 | 85.13 | 4.50 | -0.58 |
32 | 2658 | 1.96 | 8.61 | 1.94 | 0.13 | 7.24 | 0.06 | 190.64 | 75.57 | 0.10 | 428.09 | 3.33 | 0.10 |
33 | 1495 | 1.77 | 5.35 | 1.80 | 0.06 | 3.56 | 0.31 | 125.09 | 102.19 | 0.05 | 144.69 | 4.69 | -0.22 |
34 | 295 | 0.86 | 1.18 | 2.47 | 0.15 | 1.34 | 1.45 | 33.29 | 104.00 | 0.11 | 48.34 | 4.75 | 0.81 |
37 | 29.9 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 6.76 | 0.75 | 0.27 | 13.46 | 2.93 | 33.63 | 0.10 | 15.38 | 1.44 | -0.09 |
39 | 96.5 | 0.51 | 1.62 | 6.16 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 4.74 | 1.46 | 43.89 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 1.96 | 2.06 |
40 | 142 | 0.67 | 1.05 | 1.76 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 3.75 | 18.55 | 104.26 | 0.09 | 7.65 | 4.64 | 3.42 |
41 | 18.98 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 2.12 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 1.93 | 0.35 | 43.80 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 1.97 | 0.13 |
42 | 64.7 | 0.71 | 1.06 | 3.44 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 11.61 | 0.57 | 28.43 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 1.23 | 0.13 |
43 | 27.7 | 0.19 | 0.77 | 2.91 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 1.30 | 1.19 | 11.28 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.49 | -0.23 |
45 | 55.0 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 2.59 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 2.71 | 3.17 | 25.84 | 0.09 | 1.66 | 1.11 | -0.13 |
46 | 49.5 | 0.55 | 1.11 | 0.99 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 2.29 | 1.09 | 24.86 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 1.09 | 0.55 |
47 | 458 | 0.45 | 2.11 | 428.69 | 0.53 | 1.20 | 9.08 | 51.88 | 23.02 | 0.08 | 119.46 | 0.98 | 1.84 |
48 | 116 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 68.11 | 0.57 | 0.19 | 1.86 | 14.48 | 36.96 | 0.05 | 70.10 | 1.64 | 0.28 |
49 | 33.0 | 0.16 | 1.39 | 15.97 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 1.26 | 5.20 | 12.03 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.52 | 0.43 |
50 | 159 | 0.41 | 2.32 | 6.95 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 3.41 | 6.22 | 30.70 | 0.17 | 6.99 | 1.33 | 0.34 |
51 | 30.3 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 5.94 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 1.72 | 2.06 | 39.20 | 0.04 | 0.77 | 1.72 | -0.01 |
55 | 14.2 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 3.80 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 2.27 | 0.25 | 9.52 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.39 | -0.23 |
56 | 7.49 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 3.35 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.86 | 0.68 | 17.18 | 0.10 | 0.78 | 0.76 | -0.25 |
59 | 3.12 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 1.19 | 0.18 | 0.07 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 6.84 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.28 | -0.29 |
60 | 31.9 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 24.38 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 1.14 | 3.75 | 6.17 | 0.04 | 5.46 | 0.26 | -0.47 |
Table 7
Concentrations of toxic elements in surface water samples from Tibet"
Sample number | Al (μg/L) | As (μg/L) | Be (μg/L) | Cr (μg/L) | Cu (μg/L) | Fe (μg/L) | Mn (μg/L) | Mo (μg/L) | Ni (μg/L) | Pb (μg/L) | Se (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.26 | 1.10 | 0.05 | 6.77 | 0.31 | 76.00 | 0.09 | 1.56 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
2 | 0.37 | 2.05 | 0.04 | 10.71 | 0.21 | 106.38 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.93 | 0.01 | 0.20 |
5 | 0.59 | 89.38 | 0.06 | 9.79 | -0.05 | 66.10 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 87.74 | 0.90 | 0.03 | 4.90 | 0.64 | 68.68 | 0.65 | 0.23 | 0.55 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
7 | 16.93 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 2.96 | 0.54 | 36.31 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
8 | 60.61 | 0.76 | 0.09 | 3.10 | 0.57 | 60.99 | 2.44 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
9 | 26.73 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 2.58 | 0.51 | 43.60 | 0.41 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
12 | 3.57 | 10.59 | 0.01 | 4.97 | 0.09 | 51.28 | 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
14 | 1.34 | 0.68 | 0.05 | 5.65 | 0.94 | 97.90 | 1.45 | 0.71 | 2.08 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
15 | 0.80 | 1.74 | 0.03 | 4.83 | 0.16 | 121.11 | 0.36 | 1.58 | 1.19 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
21 | 385.72 | 0.86 | -0.02 | 6.87 | 0.78 | 251.87 | 2.75 | 0.27 | 1.23 | 0.25 | 0.02 |
26 | 4.52 | 1.51 | -0.06 | 2.42 | 0.26 | 134.14 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 1.54 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
27 | 2.00 | 1.36 | -0.04 | 2.01 | 0.38 | 167.27 | 0.34 | 1.06 | 2.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
35 | 0.98 | 1.63 | -0.04 | 2.39 | 1.52 | 140.65 | 0.09 | 2.80 | 1.95 | 0.01 | 0.52 |
36 | 0.30 | 2.22 | -0.04 | 6.03 | 0.86 | 50.03 | 0.11 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.25 |
38 | 2.20 | 2.96 | -0.01 | 1.18 | 0.18 | 87.86 | 0.05 | 0.58 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
44 | 0.99 | 3.44 | -0.07 | 1.09 | -0.02 | 109.53 | 0.16 | 0.64 | 1.02 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
52 | 1.45 | 1.81 | 0.00 | 1.91 | -0.03 | 146.57 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 1.86 | 0.01 | 0.85 |
53 | 84.26 | 0.73 | -0.02 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 75.09 | 6.62 | 0.52 | 1.06 | 0.05 | 0.13 |
54 | 42.07 | 6.97 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 0.13 | 44.11 | 0.55 | 1.51 | 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.19 |
57 | 1.08 | 1.20 | -0.05 | 1.08 | -0.07 | 75.46 | 0.27 | 0.88 | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.22 |
58 | 0.70 | 2.00 | -0.08 | 8.40 | 0.08 | 91.71 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.45 |
Table 8
Concentrations of toxic elements in groundwater samples from Tibet"
Sample number | Al (μg/L) | As (μg/L) | Be (μg/L) | Cr (μg/L) | Cu (μg/L) | Fe (μg/L) | Mn (μg/L) | Mo (μg/L) | Ni (μg/L) | Pb (μg/L) | Se (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 0.19 | 1.96 | -0.02 | 10.35 | -0.04 | 98.39 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
4 | 0.46 | 3.10 | -0.04 | 10.63 | 0.02 | 100.00 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
10 | 99.64 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 9.66 | 0.23 | 96.70 | 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
11 | 0.55 | 1.06 | -0.04 | 8.46 | -0.01 | 59.88 | 0.83 | 0.08 | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
13 | 0.95 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 13.97 | 1.55 | 344.86 | 242.76 | 0.59 | 5.75 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
16 | 1.10 | 0.54 | 0.04 | 18.13 | 1.07 | 257.68 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 2.71 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
17 | 7.28 | 0.58 | -0.01 | 12.06 | 0.88 | 238.17 | 0.09 | 0.39 | 2.61 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
18 | 33.97 | 5.09 | 0.05 | 3.48 | 0.62 | 78.13 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
19 | 0.75 | 0.64 | -0.01 | 7.97 | 0.19 | 148.33 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 1.46 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
20 | 0.49 | 0.61 | -0.07 | 16.32 | 0.04 | 143.27 | 514.97 | 0.21 | 1.84 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
22 | 1.15 | 1.05 | -0.03 | 6.78 | 3.35 | 320.31 | 19.15 | 0.41 | 5.85 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
23 | 0.49 | 0.63 | -0.03 | 4.62 | 0.50 | 112.17 | 0.55 | 0.15 | 1.13 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
24 | 0.30 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 4.87 | 0.84 | 269.51 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 3.46 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
25 | 0.26 | 1.20 | -0.08 | 2.86 | 0.31 | 140.86 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
28 | 1.19 | 0.87 | 0.00 | 2.98 | 0.15 | 65.05 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.07 |
29 | 4.38 | 3.21 | -0.08 | 3.77 | 0.59 | 246.08 | 0.55 | 0.91 | 2.45 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
30 | 0.44 | 1.54 | -0.02 | 2.00 | 0.12 | 62.22 | 0.06 | 0.99 | 0.66 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
31 | 0.67 | 46.19 | 0.14 | 60.90 | 2.51 | 333.99 | 2.82 | 2.25 | 4.22 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
32 | 2.13 | 333.92 | 0.07 | 19.04 | 7.56 | 125.91 | 5.81 | 0.11 | 1.64 | 0.07 | 0.13 |
33 | 0.63 | 219.94 | 0.23 | 33.60 | 4.51 | 110.92 | 6.62 | 0.30 | 1.03 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
34 | 0.47 | 2.46 | -0.03 | 9.48 | 0.82 | 155.70 | 0.20 | 0.58 | 1.60 | 0.02 | 0.15 |
37 | 0.45 | 1.29 | 0.00 | 3.63 | 0.94 | 156.06 | 0.06 | 2.19 | 1.79 | 0.01 | 0.75 |
39 | 0.62 | 6.81 | -0.04 | 6.45 | 1.16 | 45.64 | 0.07 | 2.19 | 0.74 | 0.01 | 0.22 |
40 | 1.35 | 4.42 | -0.05 | 1.84 | 0.53 | 107.69 | 0.04 | 0.59 | 1.25 | 0.01 | 0.16 |
41 | 1.27 | 3.77 | -0.03 | 1.49 | 0.17 | 107.52 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 1.10 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
42 | 0.67 | 2.22 | 0.05 | 1.64 | 0.84 | 190.51 | 0.01 | 2.36 | 2.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
43 | 0.49 | 4.46 | -0.04 | 1.20 | 0.13 | 65.08 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
45 | 0.47 | 1.28 | 0.04 | 3.68 | 0.04 | 188.20 | 0.04 | 1.06 | 1.89 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
46 | 0.43 | 3.03 | -0.02 | 7.20 | 0.29 | 64.15 | 0.42 | 1.02 | 0.70 | 0.01 | 0.49 |
47 | 0.31 | 163.55 | -0.06 | 1.50 | 0.74 | 89.59 | 0.94 | 6.02 | 0.98 | 0.02 | 0.53 |
48 | 0.68 | 57.96 | -0.10 | 2.07 | 0.20 | 80.98 | 0.02 | 1.28 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.57 |
49 | 7.98 | 56.21 | -0.03 | 0.81 | 0.06 | 64.30 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 0.14 |
50 | 0.91 | 17.48 | 0.02 | 1.61 | 0.30 | 122.64 | 0.13 | 0.59 | 1.82 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
51 | 0.63 | 1.09 | -0.03 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 74.42 | 0.02 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
55 | 0.86 | 1.51 | -0.04 | 5.66 | 0.12 | 238.44 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 2.18 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
56 | 21.45 | 3.56 | -0.03 | 2.78 | 0.25 | 133.97 | 2.34 | 0.64 | 1.44 | 0.02 | 0.90 |
59 | 0.97 | 2.50 | 0.01 | 4.65 | 0.09 | 53.98 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.18 |
60 | 1.55 | 1.87 | -0.03 | 1.02 | 0.00 | 65.49 | 0.62 | 1.34 | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.18 |
Table 9
Major and trace element test standards for water quality"
Parameter | Standards for Drinking Water Quality (MOHC, 2006) | Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality ( | Drink Natural Mineral Water (AQSIQ, 2008) |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 6.5-8.5 | 6.5-9.5 | – |
TDS (mg/L) | 1000 | 1000 | ≥1000 |
TH (mg/L) | 450 | 500 | – |
Na+ (mg/L) | 200 | 200 | – |
SO42- (mg/L) | 250 | 500 | – |
Cl- (mg/L) | 250 | 250 | – |
H2SiO3 (mg/L) | – | – | ≥25.0 |
Li (μg/L) | – | – | ≥200 |
Sr (mg/L) | – | – | ≥0.2 |
B (mg/L) | 0.5 | 0.5 | <5 |
Zn (μg/L) | 1000 | 3000 | ≥200 |
Se (μg/L) | 10 | 10 | ≥10 |
F (mg/L) | 1 | 1.5 | <1.5 |
U (μg/L) | – | 15 | – |
Ba (μg/L) | 700 | 700 | <700 |
Table 10
Harmful element test standards for water quality"
Element (μg/L) | Standards for Drinking Water Quality (MOHC, 2006) | Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality ( | Drink Natural Mineral Water (AQSIQ, 2008) |
---|---|---|---|
Ag | 50 | 100 | <50 |
Al | 200 | 200 | – |
As | 10 | 10 | <10 |
Be | 2 | – | – |
Cd | 5 | 3 | <3 |
Cr | 50 | 50 | <50 |
Cu | 1000 | 2000 | <1000 |
Fe | 300 | 300 | – |
Hg | 1 | 1 | <1 |
Mn | 100 | 400 | <400 |
Mo | 70 | 70 | – |
Ni | 20 | 20 | <20 |
Pb | 10 | 10 | <10 |
Se | 10 | 10 | <50 |
Tl | 0.1 | – | – |
Table 11
Hydrochemical characteristics in different regions of western China"
Tibet | Southern Xinjiang | Tongtian River | Qinghai Lake Basin | Huanglong | Maoxian county | Zamtang county | Yarlung Zangbo River between Lhasa-Nyingchi | Shegyla Mountain | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of samples | 57 | 154 | 9 | 75 | 9 | 63 | 423 | 62 | 9 |
pH | 7.55 | 7.64 | 8.09 | 8.09 | 6.59 | 7.7 | 7.43 | 7.74 | 7.46 |
K+ | 3.09 | 17.87 | 6.77 | 1.87 | 0.4 | 2.36 | 14.25 | 3.16 | 0.14 |
Na+ | 34.93 | 336.97 | 118.02 | 36.42 | 3.14 | 19.12 | 4.89 | 0.03 | |
Ca2+ | 55.25 | 90.1 | 51.77 | 37.38 | 253.78 | 70.36 | 33.77 | 29.74 | 1.6 |
Mg2+ | 18.69 | 73.78 | 18.82 | 16.04 | 20.94 | 28.38 | 10.4 | 5.56 | 3.82 |
Cl- | 47.67 | 509.41 | 179.88 | 47 | 0.73 | 7.37 | 3.9 | 3.87 | 7.41 |
SO42- | 54.68 | 429.08 | 83.34 | 39.35 | 23.2 | 119.6 | 8.05 | 25.83 | 62.52 |
HCO3- | 169.67 | 260.28 | 170.63 | 183.37 | 777.44 | 226.27 | 171.21 | 90.28 | 33.9 |
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