Journal of Geographical Sciences

Investigating nonlinear factors influencing multi-scale urban land surface temperature using machine learning models

SHI Yue, FAN Qiang, SUN Shuang, SONG Xiaonan, ZHANG Bing

地理学报(英文版), 2025, 35(9): 1998-2014. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-025-2400-x

Temperature zones	Classification rules	Temperature zones	Classification rules
Low	T<MN-STD	Sub-high	MN+0.5×STD≤T<MN+STD
Sub-low	MN-STD≤T<MN - 0.5×STD	High	T≥MN+STD
Medium	MN - 0.5*STD≤T<MN+0.5×STD

Table 1 Classification rules for different temperature zones

本文的其它图/表

Figure 1 Location of Shenyang city, Liaoning province, Northeast China (Note: With the map approval number GS(2024)0650, the base map remains unmodified.)
Table 2 Landscape index and its significance
Table 3 Factors influencing LST
Figure 2 Spatial variation map of influencing factors in Shenyang for 2020 (Note: Owing to space limitations, only the spatial distribution of the influencing factors for 2020 is shown.)
Figure 3 Mean standard deviation classification map of LST in Shenyang for 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020
Table 4 Area and proportion of temperature classifications
Figure 4 Pearson’s analysis results at different scales for 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 (*p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01)
Figure 5 Training and test set results
Figure 6 Significance ranking of factors (The size of the symbols represents the strength of the influence, while the colour gradient visually illustrates the impact of each factor on LST.)